{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T19:13:08Z","timestamp":1762542788483,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An immobilized liposome electrode (ILE)-based sensor was developed to quantify conformational changes of the proteins under various stress conditions. The ILE surface was characterized by using a tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM) to confirm surface immobilization of liposome. The uniform layer of liposome was formed on the electrode. The current deviations generated based on the status of the proteins under different stress were then measured. Bovine carbonic anhydrase (CAB) and lysozyme were tested with three different conditions: native, reduced and partially denatured. For both proteins, a linear dynamic range formed between denatured concentrations and output electric current signals was able to quantify conformational changes of the proteins. The pattern recognition (PARC) technique was integrated with ILE-based sensor to perform data analysis and provided an effective method to improve the prediction of protein structural changes. The ILE-based stress sensor showed potential of leveraging the amperometric technique to manifest activity of proteins based on various external conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1515385281000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Amperometric Detection of Conformational Change of Proteins Using Immobilized-Liposome Sensor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hak-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering and Biomaterials Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keesung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Collage of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 028826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9645-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pahn-Shick","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho-Sup","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Collage of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 028826, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00145-0","article-title":"A comparison between different immobilised glucoseoxidase-based electrodes","volume":"29","author":"Memoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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