{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T10:40:29Z","timestamp":1769769629991,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61673259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61673259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Exchanges and Cooperation Projects of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee","award":["15220721800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15220721800"]}]},{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["CCF-1337244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCF-1337244"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the development of autonomous unmanned intelligent systems, such as the unmanned boats, unmanned planes and autonomous underwater vehicles, studies on Wireless Sensor-Actor Networks (WSANs) have attracted more attention. Network connectivity algorithms play an important role in data exchange, collaborative detection and information fusion. Due to the harsh application environment, abnormal nodes often appear, and the network connectivity will be prone to be lost. Network self-healing mechanisms have become critical for these systems. In order to decrease the movement overhead of the sensor-actor nodes, an autonomous connectivity restoration algorithm based on finite state machine is proposed. The idea is to identify whether a node is a critical node by using a finite state machine, and update the connected dominating set in a timely way. If an abnormal node is a critical node, the nearest non-critical node will be relocated to replace the abnormal node. In the case of multiple node abnormality, a regional network restoration algorithm is introduced. It is designed to reduce the overhead of node movements while restoration happens. Simulation results indicate the proposed algorithm has better performance on the total moving distance and the number of total relocated nodes compared with some other representative restoration algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1515414362000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An Autonomous Connectivity Restoration Algorithm Based on Finite State Machine for Wireless Sensor-Actor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2637-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4072","DOI":"10.3390\/s150204072","article-title":"Development and integration of a solar powered unmanned aerial vehicle and a wireless sensor network to monitor greenhouse gases","volume":"15","author":"Malaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2004.04.003","article-title":"Wireless sensor and actor networks: Research challenges","volume":"2","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2819","article-title":"Towards realistic connectivity restoration in partitioned mobile sensor networks","volume":"29","author":"Senturk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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