{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:55:26Z","timestamp":1760241326818,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water quality monitoring through remote sensing with UAVs is best conducted using multispectral sensors; however, these sensors are expensive. We aimed to predict multispectral bands from a low-cost sensor (R, G, B bands) using artificial neural networks (ANN). We studied a lake located on the campus of Unisinos University, Brazil, using a low-cost sensor mounted on a UAV. Simultaneously, we collected water samples during the UAV flight to determine total suspended solids (TSS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). We correlated the three bands predicted with TSS and DOM. The results show that the ANN validation process predicted the three bands of the multispectral sensor using the three bands of the low-cost sensor with a low average error of 19%. The correlations with TSS and DOM resulted in R2 values of greater than 0.60, consistent with literature values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T14:00:08Z","timestamp":1515506408000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Proposal of a Method to Determine the Correlation between Total Suspended Solids and Dissolved Organic Matter in Water Bodies from Spectral Imaging and Artificial Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5914-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio","family":"R. Veronez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Visualization &amp; Geoinformatics Lab\u2014VizLab, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Programme in Geology, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Kupssinsk\u00fc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e1","family":"T. Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering Sciences, S\u00e3o Carlos Engineering School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Koste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Visualization &amp; Geoinformatics Lab\u2014VizLab, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juarez","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"La\u00eds","family":"De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Geology, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Oliverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rog\u00e9lio","family":"Jardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-2447","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Luiz","family":"Gonzaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Visualization &amp; Geoinformatics Lab\u2014VizLab, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Programme in Applied Computing, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederico","family":"Mauad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering Sciences, S\u00e3o Carlos Engineering School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Carlos 13566-590, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-7750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Inocencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Visualization &amp; Geoinformatics Lab\u2014VizLab, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0037-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiane","family":"Bordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Visualization &amp; Geoinformatics Lab\u2014VizLab, Unisinos University, S\u00e3o Leopoldo 93022-750, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roig, H.L., Ferreira, A.M.R., Menezes, P.H.B.J., and Marotta, G.S. (2013, January 13\u201318). Uso de c\u00e2meras de baixo custo acopladas a ve\u00edculos a\u00e9reos leves no estudo do aporte de sedimentos no Lago Parano\u00e1. Proceedings of the Anais XVI Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto\u2014SBSR, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Brazil. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217972","article-title":"The airborne remote sensing of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the lakes and tarns of the English Lake District","volume":"18","author":"George","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160010006917","article-title":"Analytical algorithms for lake water TSM estimation for retrospective analyses of TM and SPOT sensor data","volume":"23","author":"Dekker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22670","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222670","article-title":"Hyperspectral Sensing for Turbid Water Quality Monitoring in Freshwater Rivers: Empirical Relationship between Reflectance and Turbidity and Total Solids","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949034","article-title":"Spectral characterization of suspended sediments generated from two texture classes of clay soil","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308953956","article-title":"Quantitative remote sensing methods for real-time monitoring of inland waters quality","volume":"14","author":"Gitelson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.12.001","article-title":"A two-step optimization procedure for assessing water constituent concentrations by hyperspectral remote sensing techniques: An application to the highly turbid Venice lagoon waters","volume":"114","author":"Santini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00097-3","article-title":"Determination of Chlorophyll Content and Trophic State of Lakes Using Field Spectrometer and IRS-1C Satellite Data in the Mecklenburg Lake District, Germany","volume":"73","author":"Thiemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00341-8","article-title":"Spectral signature of highly turbid waters: Application with SPOT data to quantify suspended particulate matter concentrations","volume":"81","author":"Doxaran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2112\/06-0770.1","article-title":"Statistical Techniques for Correlating Total Suspended Matter Concentration with Seawater Reflectance Using Multispectral Satellite Data","volume":"24","author":"Teodoro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wu, J., and Yang, H. (November, January 30). Developing unmanned airship onboard multispectral imagery system for quick-response to drinking water pollution. Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics, Yichang, China."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ferreira, M.S., Ennes, R., and Galo, M.L.B.T. (2010, January 27\u201330). Estudo do comportamento espectral das \u00e1guas da plan\u00edcie de inunda\u00e7\u00e3o do Alto Rio Paran\u00e1 baseada em t\u00e9cnicas de an\u00e1lise de dados espectrais. Proceedings of the 3rd Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Ci\u00eancias Geod\u00e9sicas e Tecnologias da Geoinforma\u00e7\u00e3o, Recife, Brazil. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of water quality in an Australian tropical freshwater impoundment using matrix inversion and MERIS images","volume":"115","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2015.01.020","article-title":"UAVs challenge to assess water stress for sustainable agriculture","volume":"153","author":"Gago","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-8198.2010.00381.x","article-title":"Small-Scale Remotely Piloted Vehicles in Environmental Research","volume":"4","author":"Hardin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Compass"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2010457","article-title":"Thermal and Narrowband Multispectral Remote Sensing for Vegetation Monitoring from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"47","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-016-2919-7","article-title":"Water Quality and Chlorophyll Measurement through Vegetation Indices Generated from Orbital and Suborbital Images","volume":"227","author":"Filho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water. Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10078","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810078","article-title":"Application of Multispectral Sensors Carried on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to Trophic State Mapping of Small Reservoirs: A Case Study of Tain-Pu Reservoir in Kinmen, Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimar\u00e3es, T.T., Veronez, M.R., Koste, E.C., Gonzaga, L., Bordin, F., Inocencio, L.C., Larocca, A.P.C., de Oliveira, M.Z., Vitti, D.C., and Mauad, F.F. (2017). An Alternative Method of Spatial Autocorrelation for Chlorophyll Detection in Water Bodies Using Remote Sensing. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9030416"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212815","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in a Shallow Non-Turbid River Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"6","author":"Flynn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.07.029","article-title":"Applying remote sensing techniques to monitoring seasonal and interannual changes of aquatic vegetation in Taihu Lake, China","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Silva, W.F., Silva, L.S., Malta, \u00c9.A., de Oliveira Gondim, R., and Warren, M.S. (2015, January 25\u201329). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de uso de Ve\u00edculo A\u00e9reo N\u00e3o Tripulado\u2014VANT em atividades de fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da Ag\u00eancia Nacional de \u00c1guas. Proceedings of the Anais XVII Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto\u2014SBSR, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, Brazil. (In Portuguese)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-5082-5","article-title":"Flow monitoring with a camera: A case study on a flood event in the Tiber River","volume":"188","author":"Tauro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2743","article-title":"Hyperspatial Remote Sensing of Channel Reach Morphology and Hydraulic Fish Habitat Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): A First Assessment in the Context of River Research and Management","volume":"31","author":"Tamminga","year":"2015","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Zang, W., Lin, J., Wang, Y., and Tao, H. (2012, January 24\u201328). Investigating small-scale water pollution with UAV Remote Sensing Technology. Proceedings of the World Automation Congress, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"American Public Health Association (APHA) (1995). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkin, T.N., and Midgley, N.G. (2016). Ground-Control Networks for Image Based Surface Reconstruction: An Investigation of Optimum Survey Designs Using UAV Derived Imagery and Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090786"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.3390\/su7033129","article-title":"Multi-Temporal Patterns of Urban Heat Island as Response to Economic Growth Management","volume":"7","author":"Gusso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"259","article-title":"Landsat 8 vs. Landsat 5: A comparison based on urban and peri-urban land cover mapping","volume":"35","author":"Poursanidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Haykin, S.S. (2009). Neural Networks and Learning Machines, Pearson. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kingma, D.P., and Ba, J. (arXiv, 2014). Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization, arXiv."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Brownlee, J. (2016). Deep Learning with Python: Understand Your Data, Create Accurate Models an Work Projects End-to-End, Jason Brownlee. v1.4."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Chen, Y., and Bastani, F. (1992, January 7\u201311). ANN with two-dendrite neurons and its weight initialization. Proceedings of the IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1109\/23.589532","article-title":"Importance of input data normalization for the application of neural networks to complex industrial problems","volume":"44","author":"Sola","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","article-title":"The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features","volume":"17","author":"Mcfeeters","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.004","article-title":"Characteristics of Landsat derived NDVI by comparison with multiple satellite sensors and in-situ observations","volume":"164","author":"Ke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116042000274087","article-title":"Characterizing the spectral reflectance of algae in lake waters with high suspended sediment concentrations","volume":"26","author":"Tyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"459","article-title":"Monitoring Ecological Conditions of a Coastal Lagoon using IRS Data: A Case Study in Chilka, East Coast of India","volume":"34","author":"Mohanty","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Coast. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masocha, M., Murwira, A., Magadza, C.H.D., Hirji, R., and Dube, T. (2017). Remote sensing of surface water quality in relation to catchment condition in Zimbabwe. Phys. Chem. Earth Parts.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2017.02.013"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:33Z","timestamp":1760194233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]]}}}