{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:14:00Z","timestamp":1792790040781,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Universities Program","award":["DE\u2010NE0008266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE\u2010NE0008266"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated temperature, gamma radiation, and geometric constraints inside dry storage casks for spent nuclear fuel represent a harsh environment for nondestructive inspection of the cask and require that the inspection be conducted with a robotic system. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) using non-contact ultrasonic transduction based on the Lorentz force to excite\/receive ultrasonic waves are suited for use in the robotic inspection. Periodic permanent magnet EMATs that actuate\/receive shear horizontal guided waves are developed for application to robotic nondestructive inspection of stress corrosion cracks in the heat affected zone of welds in stainless steel dry storage canisters. The EMAT\u2019s components are carefully selected in consideration of the inspection environment, and tested under elevated temperature and gamma radiation doses up to 177 \u00b0C and 5920 krad, respectively, to evaluate the performance of the EMATs under realistic environmental conditions. The effect of gamma radiation is minimal, but the EMAT\u2019s performance is affected by temperatures above 121 \u00b0C due to the low Curie temperature of the magnets. Different magnets are needed to operate at 177 \u00b0C. The EMAT\u2019s capability to detect notches is also evaluated from B-scan measurements on 304 stainless steel welded plate containing surface-breaking notches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T13:36:15Z","timestamp":1515677775000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Robotic Nondestructive Inspection in Harsh Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sungho","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwanjeong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lindsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Technology Group, Structural Integrity Associates, Inc., State College, PA 16801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliff","family":"Lissenden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, R.M., Pardini, A.F., Cuta, J.M., Adkins, H.E., Casella, A.M., Qiao, A., Larche, M., Diaz, A.A., and Doctor, S.R. 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