{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T03:25:57Z","timestamp":1783999557775,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicular sensor networks have been widely applied in intelligent traffic systems in recent years. Because of the specificity of vehicular sensor networks, they require an enhanced, secure and efficient authentication scheme. Existing authentication protocols are vulnerable to some problems, such as a high computational overhead with certificate distribution and revocation, strong reliance on tamper-proof devices, limited scalability when building many secure channels, and an inability to detect hardware tampering attacks. In this paper, an improved authentication scheme using certificateless public key cryptography is proposed to address these problems. A security analysis of our scheme shows that our protocol provides an enhanced secure anonymous authentication, which is resilient against major security threats. Furthermore, the proposed scheme reduces the incidence of node compromise and replication attacks. The scheme also provides a malicious-node detection and warning mechanism, which can quickly identify compromised static nodes and immediately alert the administrative department. With performance evaluations, the scheme can obtain better trade-offs between security and efficiency than the well-known available schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]],"date-time":"2018-01-11T13:36:15Z","timestamp":1515677775000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["An Enhanced Secure Identity-Based Certificateless Public Key Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Congcong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Beijing Zhonghaiwenda Information Technology Company, Haidian District, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Transaction Cryptographic Application Group, State Cryptography Administration Office of Security Commercial Code Administration, Fengtai District, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"286","article-title":"Global status report on road safety","volume":"15","author":"Khatib","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Armstrong, L. (2018, January 08). Dedicated Short Range Communications (Dsrc) Home. Available online: http:\/\/www.leearmstrong.com\/dsrc\/dsrchomeset.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Std, I. (2018, January 08). 1609.2-2006-IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments\u2014Security Services for Applications and Management Messages. Available online: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1653011\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2603219","article-title":"Internet of vehicles: Motivation, layered architecture, network model, challenges, and future aspects","volume":"4","author":"Kaiwartya","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4824","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.081560","article-title":"An adaptive geometry-based stochastic model for non-isotropic MIMO mobile-to-mobile channels","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian, Y., and Moayeri, N. (2008, January 11\u201314). Design of secure and application-oriented VANETs. Proceedings of the Vehicular Technology Conference, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2008.610"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2439292","article-title":"A security and privacy review of VANETs","volume":"16","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Riyami, S.S., and Paterson, K.G. (2003). Certificateless Public Key Cryptography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-40061-5_29"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume":"22","author":"Diffie","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"47","article-title":"Identity-based cryptosystems and signature schemes","volume":"21","author":"Shamir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2457","article-title":"Further improvement of a certificateless signature scheme without pairing","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.04.002","article-title":"A pairing-free identity-based authenticated key agreement protocol with minimal message exchanges","volume":"180","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paruchuri, V., and Durresi, A. (2010, January 6\u201310). PAAVE: Protocol for anonymous authentication in vehicular networks using smart cards. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference, Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2010.5683087"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, J., Shintre, S., Boban, M., and Barros, J. (2012, January 3\u20137). Probabilistic key distribution in vehicular networks with infrastructure support. Proceedings of the Global Communications Conference, Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2012.6503239"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calandriello, G., Papadimitratos, P., Hubaux, J.P., and Lioy, A. (2007, January 10). Efficient and robust pseudonymous authentication in VANET. Proceedings of the 4th ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1287748.1287752"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Lin, X., Lu, R., and Ho, P.H. (2008, January 19\u201323). RAISE: An efficient RSU-aided message authentication scheme in vehicular communication networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2008.281"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswas, S., Misic, J., and Misic, V. (2011, January 20\u201324). ID-based safety message authentication for security and trust in vehicular networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2011.38"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.05.005","article-title":"SPECS: Secure and privacy enhancing communications schemes for VANETs","volume":"9","author":"Chim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ad. Hoc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2277471","article-title":"b-SPECS+: Batch verification for secure pseudonymous authentication in VANET","volume":"8","author":"Horng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2322973","article-title":"A privacy-aware authentication scheme for distributed mobile cloud computing services","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.05.071","article-title":"An ID-based aggregate signature scheme with constant pairing computations","volume":"83","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2186992","article-title":"An efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks","volume":"61","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dan, B., Lynn, B., and Shacham, H. (2001, January 9\u201313). Short signatures from the Weil pairing. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Gold Coast, Australia."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.10.003","article-title":"Improvements on an authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Syst. Appl. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Kumari, S., Sharma, V., Sangaiah, A.K., Wei, J., and Li, X. (2017). A Certificateless aggregate signature scheme for healthcare wireless sensor network. Sustain. Comput. Inf. Syst.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suscom.2017.09.002"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2473820","article-title":"An efficient identity-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forens. Secur."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2502322","article-title":"An efficient conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for vehicular sensor networks without pairings","volume":"17","author":"Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rankl, W., and Effing, W. (2004). Smart Card Handbook, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/047085670X"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayes, K.E., and Markantonakis, K. (2008). Smart Cards, Tokens, Security and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-72198-9"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"53","article-title":"Improvement of weighted centroid localization algorithm for WSNs based on RSSI","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2005.1458287","article-title":"Locating the nodes: Cooperative localization in wireless sensor networks","volume":"22","author":"Patwari","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s001450010003","article-title":"Security arguments for digital signatures and blind signatures","volume":"13","author":"Pointcheval","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cryptol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:57Z","timestamp":1760194257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010194","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,11]]}}}