{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:22:45Z","timestamp":1779301365846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,13]],"date-time":"2018-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prolong the operating time of unmanned aerial vehicles which use proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), the performance of PEMFC is the key. However, a long-term operation can make the Pt particles of the catalyst layer and the pollutants in the feedstock gas bond together (e.g., CO), so that the catalyst loses reaction activity. The performance decay and aging of PEMFC will be influenced by operating conditions, temperature, flow and CO concentration. Therefore, this study proposes the development of an internal real-time wireless diagnostic tool for PEMFC, and uses micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology to develop a wireless and thin (&lt;50 \u03bcm) flexible integrated (temperature, flow and CO) microsensor. The technical advantages are (1) compactness and three wireless measurement functions; (2) elastic measurement position and accurate embedding; (3) high accuracy and sensitivity and quick response; (4) real-time wireless monitoring of dynamic performance of PEMFC; (5) customized design and development. The flexible integrated microsensor is embedded in the PEMFC, three important physical quantities in the PEMFC, which are the temperature, flow and CO, can be measured simultaneously and instantly, so as to obtain the authentic and complete reaction in the PEMFC to enhance the performance of PEMFC and to prolong the service life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1516019436000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of an Internal Real-Time Wireless Diagnostic Tool for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chi-Yuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HOMYTECH Global CO., LTD., Taoyuan 33464, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hsuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Syuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7753(02)00542-6","article-title":"Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing","volume":"114","author":"Mehta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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