{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:55:36Z","timestamp":1760241336204,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We fabricate a wearable blood leakage sensor on a cotton textile by combining two newly developed techniques. First, we employ a screen-offset printing technique that avoids blurring, short circuiting between adjacent conductive patterns, and electrode fracturing to form an interdigitated electrode structure for the sensor on a textile. Furthermore, we develop a scheme to distinguish blood from other substances by utilizing the specific dielectric dispersion of blood observed in the sub-megahertz frequency range. The sensor can detect blood volumes as low as 15 \u03bcL, which is significantly lower than those of commercially available products (which can detect approximately 1 mL of blood) and comparable to a recently reported value of approximately 10 \u03bcL. In this study, we merge two technologies to develop a more practical skin-friendly sensor that can be applied for safe, stress-free blood leakage monitoring during hemodialysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]],"date-time":"2018-01-15T12:30:36Z","timestamp":1516019436000},"page":"240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Fabrication of a Textile-Based Wearable Blood Leakage Sensor Using Screen-Offset Printing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9459-1101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken-ichi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Horii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shusuke","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kusaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hirobumi","family":"Ushijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flexible Electronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61601-9","article-title":"Worldwide access to treatment for end-stage kidney disease: A systematic review","volume":"385","author":"Liyanage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-8166(94)90050-7","article-title":"Highly sensitive optical sensor system for blood leakage detection","volume":"21","author":"Ueda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2008.00263.x","article-title":"A new safety device for hemodialysis","volume":"12","author":"Gydell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2364302","article-title":"The development of a blood leakage monitoring system for the applications in hemodialysis therapy","volume":"15","author":"Chuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y.-C., Lim, B.-Y., Ciou, W.-S., and Wu, M.-J. (2016). Novel wearable device for blood leakage detection during hemodialysis using an array sensing patch. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060849"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1049\/htl.2016.0051","article-title":"Assistive technology using integrated flexible sensor and virtual alarm unit for blood leakage detection during dialysis therapy","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Healthc. Tech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2695798","article-title":"Integrating flexible sensor and virtual self-organizing DC grid model with cloud computing for blood leakage detection during hemodialysis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2014.05.009","article-title":"Screen-offset printing for fine conductive patterns","volume":"123","author":"Nomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095021","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/24\/9\/095021","article-title":"Continuous fine pattern formation by screen-offset printing using a silicone blanket","volume":"24","author":"Nomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19947","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19947","article-title":"A flexible proximity sensor formed by duplex screen\/screen-offset printing and its application to non-contact detection of human breathing","volume":"6","author":"Nomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03DD01","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.03DD01","article-title":"Simultaneous formation of fine and large-area electrode patterns using screen-offset printing and its application to the patterning on adhesive materials","volume":"55","author":"Nomura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2011.08.050","article-title":"Impact of metered ink volume on reel-to-reel flexographic printed conductive networks for enhanced thin film conductivity","volume":"520","author":"Deganello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195602","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/19\/195602","article-title":"Flexographic printing-assisted fabrication of ZnO nanowire devices","volume":"24","author":"Lloyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7168","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502569","article-title":"Flexography-printed In2O3 semiconductor layers for high-mobility thin-film transistors on flexible plastic substrate","volume":"27","author":"Huttunen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01AB07","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.49.01AB07","article-title":"Organic thin-film transistors fabricated by microcontact printing","volume":"49","author":"Kina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2005.07.008","article-title":"Gravure printing of conductive particulate polymer inks on flexible substrates","volume":"54","author":"Pudas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.11.011","article-title":"Printing parameters and ink components affecting ultra-fine-line gravure-offset printing for electronics applications","volume":"24","author":"Pudas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2009.10.017","article-title":"Development of a gravure offset printing system for the printing electrodes of flat panel display","volume":"518","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05EA03","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.05EA03","article-title":"Soft blanket gravure printing technology for finely patterned conductive layers on three-dimensional or curved surfaces","volume":"56","author":"Izumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H333","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3591435","article-title":"Organic thin-film transistors with short channel length fabricated by reverse offset printing","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035020","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/24\/3\/035020","article-title":"Overlay of semi-dried functional layers in offset printing for rapid and high-precision fabrication of flexible TFTs","volume":"24","author":"Kusaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2014.12.007","article-title":"Optimization of a reverse-offset printing process and its application to a metal mesh touch screen sensor","volume":"134","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500145","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201500145","article-title":"Reverse-offset printing optimized for scalable organic thin-film transistors with submicrometer channel lengths","volume":"1","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095002","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/25\/9\/095002","article-title":"High-resolution patterning of silver conductive lines by adhesion contrast planography","volume":"25","author":"Kusaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.11.012","article-title":"Home blood glucose biosensors: A commercial perspective","volume":"20","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.03.024","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase on screen-printed electrodes through one-step enzyme immobilization process with silica sol\u2013gel\/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid film","volume":"133","author":"Zuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084505","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4867188","article-title":"Evaluation of determination methods of the Si\/Al contact resistance of screen-printed passivated emitter and rear solar cells","volume":"115","author":"Lottspeich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2014.01.002","article-title":"Ion-implanted and screen-printed large area 20% efficient N-type front junction Si solar cells","volume":"123","author":"Ok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28802","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA04946B","article-title":"Polymer thermoelectric modules screen-printed on paper","volume":"4","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2016.08.019","article-title":"Low temperature sintering nano-silver conductive ink printed on cotton fabric as printed electronics","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6544","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0346712","article-title":"Solvent compatibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010313","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.010313","article-title":"Novel printing process for the fabrication of cantilever structures by the partially controlled sintering of ink","volume":"56","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06GN03","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.56.06GN03","article-title":"One-batch transfer process for the additive manufacturing of a cantilever with a weight","volume":"56","author":"Kanazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(95)00266-9","article-title":"Time domain dielectric spectroscopy study of human cells. I. Erythrocytes and ghosts","volume":"1280","author":"Lisin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(02)01101-8","article-title":"Dielectric spectroscopy of blood","volume":"305","author":"Chelidze","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Non Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.05.006","article-title":"A flexible and wearable glucose sensor based on functional polymers with Soft-MEMS techniques","volume":"22","author":"Kudo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27582","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27582","article-title":"A Disposable paper breathalyzer with an alcohol sensing organic electrochemical transistor","volume":"6","author":"Bihar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:51:20Z","timestamp":1760194280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]}}}