{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T12:17:29Z","timestamp":1768911449036,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SIN_00132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIN_00132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009888","name":"Regione Toscana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D66D16000120002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D66D16000120002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009888","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007707","name":"Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione Contro Gli Infortuni sul Lavoro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOTU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOTU"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006601","name":"Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PGR00758 \/ 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGR00758 \/ 2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a tactile telepresence system for real-time transmission of information about object stiffness to the human fingertips. Experimental tests were performed across two laboratories (Italy and Ireland). In the Italian laboratory, a mechatronic sensing platform indented different rubber samples. Information about rubber stiffness was converted into on-off events using a neuronal spiking model and sent to a vibrotactile glove in the Irish laboratory. Participants discriminated the variation of the stiffness of stimuli according to a two-alternative forced choice protocol. Stiffness discrimination was based on the variation of the temporal pattern of spikes generated during the indentation of the rubber samples. The results suggest that vibrotactile stimulation can effectively simulate surface stiffness when using neuronal spiking models to trigger vibrations in the haptic interface. Specifically, fractional variations of stiffness down to 0.67 were significantly discriminated with the developed neuromorphic haptic interface. This is a performance comparable, though slightly worse, to the threshold obtained in a benchmark experiment evaluating the same set of stimuli naturally with the own hand. Our paper presents a bioinspired method for delivering sensory feedback about object properties to human skin based on contingency\u2013mimetic neuronal models, and can be useful for the design of high performance haptic devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T12:17:11Z","timestamp":1516191431000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Neuromorphic Vibrotactile Stimulation of Fingertips for Encoding Object Stiffness in Telepresence Sensory Substitution and Augmentation Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sorgini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Massari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"D\u2019Abbraccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Menciassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petar","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Academy of Engineering Sciences of Serbia (AISS), 11120 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9632-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Carrozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Newell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, 2 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1489-5701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calogero","family":"Oddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sant\u2019Anna School of Advanced Studies, The BioRobotics Institute, 56025 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, L.A., and Lederman, S.J. (2006). Tactile sensing. Human Hand Function, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195173154.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2006.69","article-title":"The importance of the sense of touch in virtual and real environments","volume":"13","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Multimed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3724","article-title":"Restoring sensorimotor function through intracortical interfaces: Progress and looming challenges","volume":"15","author":"Bensmaia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299970","article-title":"Neurophysiological basis of a tactile vision-substitution system","volume":"11","year":"1970","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Man-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/221963a0","article-title":"Vision substitution by tactile image projection","volume":"221","author":"Collins","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1502_6","article-title":"Seeing with the brain","volume":"15","author":"Tyler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"427","article-title":"Form perception with a 49-point electrotactile stimulus array on the tongue: A technical note","volume":"35","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Rehabilit. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"349","article-title":"Tactile displays","volume":"55","author":"Kaczmarek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virtual Environ. Adv. Interface Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00457","article-title":"Reading the world through the skin and ears: A new perspective on sensory substitution","volume":"3","author":"Deroy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2009.01040.x","article-title":"Perception with compensatory devices: From sensory substitution to sensorimotor extension","volume":"33","author":"Auvray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorgini, F., Cali\u00f2, R., Carrozza, M.C., and Oddo, C.M. (2017). Haptic-assistive technologies for audition and vision sensory disabilities. Disabil. Rehabilit. Assist. Technol., 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2017.1385100"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Caldwell, D.G., Tsagarakis, N., and Giesler, C. (1999, January 10\u201315). An Integrated Tactile\/Shear Feedback Array for Stimulation of Finger Mechanoreceptor. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Loscos, C., Tecchia, F., Frisoli, A., Carrozzino, M., Widenfeld, H.R., Swapp, D., and Bergamasco, M. (2004). The Museum of Pure Form: Touching Real Statues in an Immersive Virtual Museum, VAST."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.038","article-title":"Segregation of tactile input features in neurons of the cuneate nucleus","volume":"83","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Hayward, V., and Cruz-Hernandez, M. (2000, January 24\u201325). Tactile display device using distributed lateral skin stretch. Proceedings of the Haptic Interfaces for Virtual Environment and Teleoperator Systems Symposium, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.01.008","article-title":"A brief taxonomy of tactile illusions and demonstrations that can be done in a hardware store","volume":"75","author":"Hayward","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910510573318","article-title":"Tactile sensing in intelligent robotic manipulation\u2014A review","volume":"32","author":"Tegin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Robot"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392263","article-title":"Psychophysics of vibrotactile stimulation","volume":"77","author":"Verrillo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3","article-title":"Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation","volume":"3","author":"Vallbo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brewster, S., and Brown, L.M. (2004, January 18\u201322). Tactons: Structured tactile messages for non-visual information display. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Australasian User Interface, Dunedin, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1145\/985921.985936"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1076\/jnmr.32.4.369.18856","article-title":"Cutaneous grooves: Composing for the sense of touch","volume":"32","author":"Gunther","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. New Music Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Caldwell, D.G., Tsagarakis, N., and Wardle, A. (1997, January 25). Mechano thermo and proprioceptor feedback for integrated haptic feedback. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Albuquerque, NM, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2033627","article-title":"Tactile sensing\u2014From humans to humanoids","volume":"26","author":"Dahiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.07.003","article-title":"Tactile displays: Overview and recent advances","volume":"29","author":"Chouvardas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yu, Y., Yang, J., Inai, Y., and Wu, J. (2014, January 3\u20136). Ability to recognize and identify the location of vibration stimulation on the fingers. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Tianjin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMA.2014.6885939"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sziebig, G., Solvang, B., Kiss, C., and Korondi, P. (2009, January 21\u201323). Vibro-tactile feedback for vr systems. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, Catania, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2009.5091014"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alahakone, A.U., Senanayake, S., and Arosha, M. (2009, January 14\u201317). Vibrotactile feedback systems: Current trends in rehabilitation, sports and information display. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIM.2009.5229741"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2012.2221071","article-title":"Vibrotactile display: Perception, technology, and applications","volume":"101","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sibert, J., Cooper, J., Covington, C., Stefanovski, A., Thompson, D., and Lindeman, R.W. (2006, January 22\u201324). Vibrotactile feedback for enhanced control of urban search and rescue robots. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Safety, Security and Rescue Robotics, Gaithersburg, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.421","article-title":"Augmented reality and haptic interfaces for robot-assisted surgery","volume":"8","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot. Comput. Assist. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2015.2455932","article-title":"Cutaneous feedback of fingertip deformation and vibration for palpation in robotic surgery","volume":"63","author":"Pacchierotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-008-0298-x","article-title":"The value of haptic feedback in conventional and robot-assisted minimal invasive surgery and virtual reality training: A current review","volume":"23","author":"Schijven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.051","article-title":"A review of tactile sensing technologies with applications in biomedical engineering","volume":"179","author":"Tiwana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tavakoli, M., Patel, R.V., and Moallem, M. (2003, January 27\u201331). A force reflective master-slave system for minimally invasive surgery. Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2003), Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4158(03)00048-5","article-title":"Tactile sensing technology for minimal access surgery\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Eltaib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2004.04.057","article-title":"A micro optical force sensor for force feedback during minimally invasive robotic surgery","volume":"115","author":"Peirs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, T., Castellanos, A.E., Tholey, G., and Desai, J.P. (2002, January 25\u201328). Real-time haptic feedback in laparoscopic tools for use in gastro-intestinal surgery. Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45786-0_9"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910810893617","article-title":"Pneumatic balloon actuators for tactile feedback in robotic surgery","volume":"35","author":"Franks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Robot"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09148","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09148","article-title":"Intraneural stimulation elicits discrimination of textural features by artificial fingertip in intact and amputee humans","volume":"5","author":"Oddo","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45898","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45898","article-title":"Artificial spatiotemporal touch inputs reveal complementary decoding in neocortical neurons","volume":"8","author":"Oddo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-4024-8","article-title":"Humans can integrate feedback of discrete events in their sensorimotor control of a robotic hand","volume":"232","author":"Cipriani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2015.2472477","article-title":"Neuromorphic artificial touch for categorization of naturalistic textures","volume":"28","author":"Rongala","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2008.01.011","article-title":"Tactile flow explains haptic counterparts of common visual illusions","volume":"75","author":"Bicchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terekhov, A.V., and Hayward, V. (2015). The brain uses extrasomatic information to estimate limb displacement. Proc. Biol. Sci., 282.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1661"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42197","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42197","article-title":"Sensory augmentation: Integration of an auditory compass signal into human perception of space","volume":"7","author":"Schumann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorgini, F., Mazzoni, A., Massari, L., Cali\u00f2, R., Galassi, C., Kukreja, S., Sinibaldi, E., Carrozza, M., and Oddo, C. (2017). Encapsulation of piezoelectric transducers for sensory augmentation and substitution with wearable haptic devices. Micromachines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi8090270"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorgini, F., Ghosh, R., Huebotter, J.F., Cali\u00f2, R., Galassi, C., Oddo, C.M., and Kukreja, S.L. (2016, January 26\u201329). Design and preliminary evaluation of haptic devices for upper limb stimulation and integration within a virtual reality cave. Proceedings of the 2016 6th IEEE International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2016.7523670"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.820440","article-title":"Simple model of spiking neurons","volume":"14","author":"Izhikevich","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194898","article-title":"Threshold estimation in two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks: The spearman-k\u00e4rber method","volume":"66","author":"Ulrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedges, L.V., and Olkin, I. (1985). Chapter 5\u2014Estimation of a single effect size: Parametric and nonparametric methods. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057065-5.50010-5"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2217989","article-title":"Artificial redirection of sensation from prosthetic fingers to the phantom hand map on transradial amputees: Vibrotactile versus mechanotactile sensory feedback","volume":"21","author":"Antfolk","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabilit. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.12.68","article-title":"Sensory feedback in upper limb prosthetics","volume":"10","author":"Antfolk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2016.2554111","article-title":"Head-mounted sensory augmentation device: Designing a tactile language","volume":"9","author":"Kerdegari","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bertram, C., Evans, M.H., Javaid, M., Stafford, T., and Prescott, T. (August, January 29). Sensory augmentation with distal touch: The tactile helmet project. Proceedings of the Conference on Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassinelli, A., Reynolds, C., and Ishikawa, M. (2006, January 11\u201314). Augmenting spatial awareness with haptic radar. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Montreux, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWC.2006.286344"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1145\/1060581.1060585","article-title":"Waypoint navigation with a vibrotactile waist belt","volume":"2","author":"Jansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K \u00f6nig, S.U., Schumann, F., Keyser, J., Goeke, C., Krause, C., Wache, S., Lytochkin, A., Ebert, M., Brunsch, V., and Wahn, B. (2016). Learning new sensorimotor contingencies: Effects of long-term use of sensory augmentation on the brain and conscious perception. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166647"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.08.019","article-title":"From science to technology: Orientation and mobility in blind children and adults","volume":"71","author":"Cuturi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Destexhe, A., and Foubert, L. (2017, January 02). The Spikiss Project. Available online: http:\/\/cns.iaf.cnrs-gif.fr\/spikiss.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:51:32Z","timestamp":1760194292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]}}}