{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:05:30Z","timestamp":1767261930935,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/N025393\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/N025393\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flexural ultrasonic transducers are principally used as proximity sensors and for industrial metrology. Their operation relies on a piezoelectric ceramic to generate a flexing of a metallic membrane, which delivers the ultrasound signal. The performance of flexural ultrasonic transducers has been largely limited to excitation through a short voltage burst signal at a designated mechanical resonance frequency. However, a steady-state amplitude response is not generated instantaneously in a flexural ultrasonic transducer from a drive excitation signal, and differences in the drive characteristics between transmitting and receiving transducers can affect the measured response. This research investigates the dynamic performance of flexural ultrasonic transducers using acoustic microphone measurements and laser Doppler vibrometry, supported by a detailed mechanical analog model, in a process which has not before been applied to the flexural ultrasonic transducer. These techniques are employed to gain insights into the physics of their vibration behaviour, vital for the optimisation of industrial ultrasound systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T12:19:48Z","timestamp":1516277988000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Dynamic Performance of Flexural Ultrasonic Transducers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7170-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Feeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Rowlands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2013.03.017","article-title":"Novel slanted incidence air-coupled ultrasound method for delamination assessment in individual bonding planes of structural multi-layered glued timber laminates","volume":"53","author":"Sanabria","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.03.007","article-title":"Coded waveforms for optimised air-coupled ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation","volume":"54","author":"Hutchins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.02.006","article-title":"Review of air-coupled ultrasonic materials characterization","volume":"54","author":"Chimenti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2008.726","article-title":"Short-range ultrasonic digital communications in air","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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