{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:44:37Z","timestamp":1770515077899,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multi-band Body-Worn Distributed exposure Meter (BWDM) calibrated for simultaneous measurement of the incident power density in 11 telecommunication frequency bands, is proposed. The BDWM consists of 22 textile antennas integrated in a garment and is calibrated on six human subjects in an anechoic chamber to assess its measurement uncertainty in terms of 68% confidence interval of the on-body antenna aperture. It is shown that by using multiple antennas in each frequency band, the uncertainty of the BWDM is 22 dB improved with respect to single nodes on the front and back of the torso and variations are decreased to maximum 8.8 dB. Moreover, deploying single antennas for different body morphologies results in a variation up to 9.3 dB, which is reduced to 3.6 dB using multiple antennas for six subjects with various body mass index values. The designed BWDM, has an improved uncertainty of up to 9.6 dB in comparison to commercially available personal exposure meters calibrated on body. As an application, an average incident power density in the range of 26.7\u201390.8 \u03bcW\u00b7m      \u2212 2      is measured in Ghent, Belgium. The measurements show that commercial personal exposure meters underestimate the actual exposure by a factor of up to 20.6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18010272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]],"date-time":"2018-01-18T12:19:48Z","timestamp":1516277988000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Multi-Band Body-Worn Distributed Radio-Frequency Exposure Meter: Design, On-Body Calibration and Study of Body Morphology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2309-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Aminzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Thielens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Agneessens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Van den Bossche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Dongus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplastz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marloes","family":"Eeftens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplastz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Huss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roel","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"De Seze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mazet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Center for Mechanical Industries (CETIM), 60300 Senlis, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Cardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8139-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik","family":"Rogier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"R\u00f6\u00f6sli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel, Petersplastz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8807-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University\/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"494","article-title":"Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)","volume":"74","author":"Ahlbom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20417","article-title":"Statistical analysis of personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field measurements with nondetects","volume":"29","author":"Frei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/BEM.21888","article-title":"Assessment of human body influence on exposure measurements of electric field in indoor enclosures","volume":"36","author":"Ramos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272460","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/272460","article-title":"The role of the location of personal exposimeters on the human body in their use for assessing exposure to the electromagnetic field in the radiofrequency range 98\u20132450 MHz and compliance analysis: Evaluation by virtual measurements","volume":"2015","author":"Gryz","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20677","article-title":"Calibration and uncertainties in personal exposure measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"32","author":"Bolte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu056","article-title":"On-body calibration and processing for a combination of two radio-frequency personal exposimeters","volume":"163","author":"Thielens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000238","article-title":"On-body calibration and measurements using a personal, distributed exposimeter for wireless fidelity","volume":"108","author":"Thielens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20587","article-title":"The association between exposure determined by radiofrequency personal exposimeters and human exposure: A simulation study","volume":"31","author":"Neubauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21793","article-title":"Personal distributed exposimeter for radio frequency exposure assessment in real environments","volume":"34","author":"Thielens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.07.006","article-title":"Personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field measurements in the Netherlands: Exposure level and variability for everyday activities, times of day and types of area","volume":"48","author":"Bolte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncu057","article-title":"Typical exposure of children to EMF: Exposimetry and dosimetry","volume":"163","author":"Kos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"37","article-title":"Electromagnetic field exposure assessment in Europe radiofrequency fields (10 MHz\u20136 GHz)","volume":"25","author":"Ravazzani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crhy.2010.11.005","article-title":"Assessing personal exposures to environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"11","author":"Mann","year":"2010","journal-title":"C. R. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.06.009","article-title":"Comparison of personal radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure in different urban areas across Europe","volume":"110","author":"Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-23","article-title":"Conduct of a personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field measurement study: Proposed study protocol","volume":"9","author":"Frei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncq580","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulations of the electric field close to the body in realistic environments for application in personal radiofrequency dosimetry","volume":"147","author":"Iskra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.06.023","article-title":"Lessons learnt on biases and uncertainties in personal exposure measurement surveys of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields with exposimeters","volume":"94","author":"Bolte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20355","article-title":"Potential exposure assessment errors associated with body-worn RF dosimeters","volume":"28","author":"Blas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn275","article-title":"E-field assessment errors associated with RF dosemeters for different angles of arrival","volume":"132","author":"Bahillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22030","article-title":"Assessment of polarization dependence of body shadow effect on dosimetry measurements in 2.4 GHz band","volume":"38","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21975","article-title":"On-body calibration and measurements using personal radiofrequency exposimeters in indoor diffuse and specular environments","volume":"37","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1108\/COMPEL-10-2014-0268","article-title":"Using multiple exposimeters to evaluate the influence of the body when measuring personal exposition to radio frequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"34","author":"Montoya","year":"2015","journal-title":"COMPEL"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2420583","article-title":"Compact personal distributed wearable exposimeter","volume":"15","author":"Vanveerdeghem","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncx012","article-title":"Personal Exposimeter for Radiation Assessment in Real Environments in the 60-GHz Band","volume":"176","author":"Aminzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agneessens, S. (2017). Coupled eighth-mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna: Small and Wideband with High-Body Antenna Isolation. IEEE Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2779563"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Neubauer, G., Cecil, S., Giczi, W., Petric, B., Preiner, P., Frolich, J., and R\u00f6\u00f6sli, M. (2017, June 10). Available online: https:\/\/www.emf.ethz.ch\/archive\/var\/SB_Neubaue_pre25f.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2308526","article-title":"Compact Half Diamond Dual-Band Textile HMSIW On-Body Antenna","volume":"62","author":"Agneessens","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielens, A., Vanveerdeghem, P., Van Torre, P., G\u00e4ngler, S., R\u00f6\u00f6sli, M., Rogier, H., Martens, L., and Joseph, W. (2016). A Personal, Distributed Exposimeter: Procedure for Design, Calibration, Validation, and Application. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020180"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2017, December 01). Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications. Available online: http:\/\/www.bipt.be."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.08.022","article-title":"Assessment of personal exposure from radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields in Australia and Belgium using on-body calibrated exposimeters","volume":"151","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (2005). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley-Interscience."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.03.032","article-title":"Measuring personal exposure from 900 MHz mobile phone base stations in Australia and Belgium using a novel personal distributed exposimeter","volume":"92\u201393","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1180","article-title":"High radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Old Town: An exposimeter study including the Royal Castle, Supreme Court, three major squares and the Swedish Parliament","volume":"6","author":"Hardell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:51:42Z","timestamp":1760194302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/1\/272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s18010272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18010272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,18]]}}}