{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:31:39Z","timestamp":1783668699354,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]],"date-time":"2018-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National  Natural  Science  Foundation  of China","award":["61602379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61602379"]}]},{"name":"International cooperation and exchange program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2016KW-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016KW-034"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province for Broadband Wireless and Application","award":["2017KCT-30-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KCT-30-02"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Education Department of Shaanxi Province","award":["15JK1649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15JK1649"]}]},{"name":"New Star Team of Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is considered as a powerful approach to improve the utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, if CSS assumes that all secondary users (SU) are honest, it may offer opportunities for attackers to conduct a spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack. To suppress such a threat, recent efforts have been made to develop trust mechanisms. Currently, some attackers can collude with each other to form a collusive clique, and thus not only increase the power of SSDF attack but also avoid the detection of a trust mechanism. Noting the duality of sensing data, we propose a defense scheme called XDA from the perspective of XOR distance analysis to suppress a collusive SSDF attack. In the XDA scheme, the XOR distance calculation in line with the type of \u201c0\u201d and \u201c1\u201d historical sensing data is used to measure the similarity between any two SUs. Noting that collusive SSDF attackers hold high trust value and the minimum XOR distance, the algorithm to detect collusive SSDF attackers is designed. Meanwhile, the XDA scheme can perfect the trust mechanism to correct collusive SSDF attackers\u2019 trust value. Simulation results show that the XDA scheme can enhance the accuracy of trust evaluation, and thus successfully reduce the power of collusive SSDF attack against CSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T07:46:20Z","timestamp":1517211980000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Securing Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Against Collusive SSDF Attack using XOR Distance Analysis in Cognitive Radio Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi\u2019an University of Posts &amp; Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xi\u2019an University of Posts &amp; Telecommunications, Xi\u2019an 710121, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710127, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhou","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Security Research Center of State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federal Communications Commission (2017, September 25). 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