{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T13:58:15Z","timestamp":1761400695082,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing new types of optimized electrodes for specific biomedical applications can substantially improve the quality of the sensed signals. Concentric ring electrodes have been shown to provide enhanced spatial resolution to that of conventional disc electrodes. A sensor with different electrode sizes and configurations (monopolar, bipolar, etc.) that provides simultaneous records would be very helpful for studying the best signal-sensing arrangement. A 5-pole electrode with an inner disc and four concentric rings of different sizes was developed and tested on surface intestinal myoelectrical recordings from healthy humans. For good adaptation to a curved body surface, the electrode was screen-printed onto a flexible polyester substrate. To facilitate clinical use, it is self-adhesive, incorporates a single connector and can perform dry or wet (with gel) recordings. The results show it to be a versatile electrode that can evaluate the optimal configuration for the identification of the intestinal slow wave and reject undesired interference. A bipolar concentric record with an outer ring diameter of 30 mm, a foam-free adhesive material, and electrolytic gel gave the best results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T08:03:34Z","timestamp":1517299414000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Flexible Multiring Concentric Electrode for Non-Invasive Identification of Intestinal Slow Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6684-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Zena-Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Garcia-Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyao","family":"Ye-Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9745-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garcia-Breijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigaci\u00f3n de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gema","family":"Prats-Boluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Bioingenier\u00eda, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia 46022, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02345264","article-title":"Volume conductor effects on the spatial resolution of magnetic fields and electric potentials from gastrointestinal electrical activity","volume":"39","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2255","article-title":"Comparison of bipolar vs. tripolar concentric ring electrode Laplacian estimates","volume":"3","author":"Besio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/9\/012","article-title":"Identification of the slow wave component of the electroenterogram from Laplacian abdominal surface recordings in humans","volume":"28","author":"Ponce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.3390\/s130202368","article-title":"Development of a compact wireless laplacian electrode module for electromyograms and its human interface applications","volume":"13","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Lu, C.C., Feng, W.Y., and Tarjan, P.P. (November, January 30). Laplacian electrocardiograms with active electrodes for arrhythmia detection. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6414","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260048","article-title":"Analysis of skin-electrode impedance using concentric ring electrode","volume":"1","author":"Besio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35014","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/035014","article-title":"Significant improvement in one-dimensional cursor control using Laplacian electroencephalography over electroencephalography","volume":"11","author":"Boudria","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kaufer, M., Rasquinha, L., and Tarjan, P. (1990, January 1\u20134). Optimization of Multi-ring Sensing Electrode Set. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01079785","article-title":"Electrical spike activity in the human small intestine. A multiple electrode study of fasting diurnal variations","volume":"23","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/bega.1999.0034","article-title":"Disturbances in small bowel motility","volume":"13","author":"Quigley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Baillieres. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"53","article-title":"Small intestinal motility and bacteria","volume":"Volume 67","author":"Heidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Motility"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12506","article-title":"Hyperglycemia-induced small intestinal dysrhythmias attributed to sympathovagal imbalance in normal and diabetic rats","volume":"27","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70368-X","article-title":"Gastric and small intestinal motility in health and disease","volume":"25","author":"Quigley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G52","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00466.2014","article-title":"Noninvasive biomagnetic detection of intestinal slow wave dysrhythmias in chronic mesenteric ischemia","volume":"309","author":"Somarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"G1159","article-title":"Correlation and comparison of magnetic and electric detection of small intestinal electrical activity","volume":"272","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1109\/10.237682","article-title":"Measurement of electrical activity of the human small intestine using surface electrodes","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(93)90097-K","article-title":"Adaptive cancellation of the respiratory artifact in surface recording of small intestinal electrical activity","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2010.11.009","article-title":"Active concentric ring electrode for non-invasive detection of intestinal myoelectric signals","volume":"33","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0935-y","article-title":"Enhancement of non-invasive recording of electroenterogram by means of a flexible array of concentric ring electrodes","volume":"42","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Opened-Ring Electrode Array for Enhanced Non-invasive Monitoring of Bioelectrical Signals: Application to Surface EEnG Recording","volume":"Volume 452","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125703","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/23\/12\/125703","article-title":"Active flexible concentric ring electrode for non-invasive surface bioelectrical recordings","volume":"23","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Webster, J.G. (2010). Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2102353","article-title":"Novel dry polymer foam electrodes for long-term EEG measurement","volume":"58","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/11\/005","article-title":"Novel dry electrodes for ECG monitoring","volume":"28","author":"Gruetzmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/34\/9\/R47","article-title":"Dry electrodes for electrocardiography","volume":"34","author":"Meziane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/6\/005","article-title":"Adaptive filtering of ECG interference on surface EEnGs based on signal averaging","volume":"27","author":"Ponce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/3\/008","article-title":"The detection of intestinal spike activity on surface electroenterograms","volume":"55","author":"Ponce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-005-2783-6","article-title":"In vivo gastric and intestinal slow waves in W\/Wv mice","volume":"50","author":"Hou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1108\/MI-03-2015-0021","article-title":"A comparative analysis of printing techniques by using an active concentric ring electrode for bioelectrical recording","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microelectron. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zena-Gimenez, V., Garcia-Casado, J., Prats-Boluda, G., and Ye-Lin, Y. (2017, January 21\u201323). Effects of Configuration and Dimension of Conecnetric Ring Electrodes in EEnG Recordin Applications. Proceedings of the 10th International join Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.5220\/0006154400320037"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03751.x","article-title":"Electrogastrography: Basic knowledge, recording, processing and its clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye-Lin, Y., Alberola-Rubio, J., Prats-Boluda, G., Barrachina, J.M.B., Perales, A., Valero, J., Desantes, D., and Garcia-Casado, J. (2014, January 26\u201330). Non-invasive electrohysterogram recording using flexible concentric ring electrode. Proceedings of the 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6944513"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"968","article-title":"Feasibility and Analysis of Bipolar Concentric Recording of Electrohysterogram with Flexible Active Electrode","volume":"43","author":"Perales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"195","article-title":"Wireless sensor node for non-invasive high precision electrocardiographic signal acquisition based on a multi-ring electrode","volume":"97","year":"2017","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75102","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/7\/075102","article-title":"Development of a portable wireless system for bipolar concentric ECG recording","volume":"26","author":"Senent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344216","article-title":"Investigation into the origin of the noise of surface electrodes","volume":"40","author":"Huigen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1999.0029900453","article-title":"Pitfalls in the analysis of electrogastrographic recordings","volume":"117","author":"Verhagen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2013.07.008","article-title":"Comparison of non-invasive electrohysterographic recording techniques for monitoring uterine dynamics","volume":"35","author":"Valero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-9054-8","article-title":"Development of a tri-polar concentric ring electrode for acquiring accurate Laplacian body surface potentials","volume":"34","author":"Besio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.11.017","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of Laplacian estimation with novel multipolar concentric ring electrodes","volume":"80","author":"Makeyev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25705","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/27\/2\/025705","article-title":"Towards the clinical use of concentric electrodes in ECG recordings: Influence of ring dimensions and electrode position","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Evaluation of Laplacian diaphragm electromyographic recording in a dynamic inspiratory maneuver","volume":"2014","author":"Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Estrada, L., Torres, A., Sarlabous, L., and Jan\u00e9, R. (2015, January 4\u20136). Evaluation of sternocleidomastoid muscle activity by electromyography recorded with concentric ring electrodes. Proceedings of the XXXIII Congreso Anual la Socieded Espa\u00f1ola Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica (CASEIB 2015), Madrid, Spain."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/396\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:04Z","timestamp":1760194384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]}}}