{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:00:51Z","timestamp":1776949251936,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breath analysis is considered to be an effective method for point-of-care diagnosis due to its noninvasiveness, quickness and simplicity. Gas sensors for breath analysis require detection of low-concentration substances. In this paper, we propose that reduction of the background current improves the limit of detection of enzymatic biogas sensors utilizing chromatography paper. After clarifying the cause of the background current, we reduced the background current by improving the fabrication process of the sensors utilizing paper. Finally, we evaluated the limit of detection of the sensor with the sample vapor of ethanol gas. The experiment showed about a 50% reduction of the limit of detection compared to previously-reported sensor. This result presents the possibility of the sensor being applied in diagnosis, such as for diabetes, by further lowering the limit of detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T12:00:10Z","timestamp":1517572810000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Improvement in Limit of Detection of Enzymatic Biogas Sensor Utilizing Chromatography Paper for Breath Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Motooka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeyasu","family":"Uno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, September 19). Noncommunicable Diseases Prematurely Take 16 Million Lives Annually, Annually, WHO Urges More Action. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/releases\/2015\/noncommunicable-diseases\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Existing and Emerging Technologies for Point-of-Care Testing","volume":"35","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2597","article-title":"Managing chronic diseases in rural aged care facilities using point-of-care testing systems","volume":"13","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.835","article-title":"Human exhaled air analytics: Biomarkers of diseases","volume":"21","author":"Buszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8230","DOI":"10.3390\/s91008230","article-title":"Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S1570-0232(04)00657-9","article-title":"Determination of acetone in human breath by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization","volume":"810","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.063","article-title":"The sensing mechanism and detection of low concentration acetone using chitosan-based sensors","volume":"177","author":"Nasution","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.063545","article-title":"Breath Analysis: Potential for Clinical Diagnosis and Exposure Assessment","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1021\/ac960749l","article-title":"Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Analysis of Human Breath","volume":"69","author":"Grote","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5650","DOI":"10.1021\/ac025863k","article-title":"Breath Analysis and Monitoring by Membrane Extraction with Sorbent Interface","volume":"74","author":"Lord","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902695n","article-title":"Si:WO3 Sensors for Highly Selective Detection of Acetone for Easy Diagnosis of Diabetes by Breath Analysis","volume":"82","author":"Righettoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.05.030","article-title":"Semiconducting gas sensor for acetone based on the fine grained nickel ferrite","volume":"114","author":"Rezlescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023436725457","article-title":"Oxide semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"7","author":"Yamazoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catal. Surv. Asia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.08.007","article-title":"Bioelectronic sniffers for ethanol and acetaldehyde in breath air after drinking","volume":"20","author":"Mitsubayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.11.031","article-title":"Study of electrochemical based gas sensors for fluorine and chlorine","volume":"99","author":"Sathiyamoorthi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.07.005","article-title":"A review of electrolyte and electrode materials for high temperature electrochemical CO2 and SO2 gas sensors","volume":"134","author":"Fergus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"61","article-title":"Gas Sensors: A Review","volume":"168","author":"Yunusa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2069145","article-title":"Solid-State Gas Sensors: A Review","volume":"139","author":"Azad","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-008-0117-z","article-title":"Bio-sniffers for ethanol and acetaldehyde using carbon and Ag\/AgCl coated electrodes","volume":"165","author":"Gessei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuretake, T., Kawahara, S., Motooka, M., and Uno, S. (2017). An Electrochemical Gas Biosensor Based on Enzymes Immobilized on Chromatography Paper for Ethanol Vapor Detection. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020281"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v15i2.6142","article-title":"Portable Electrochemical Gas Sensing System with a Paper-Based Enzyme Electrode","volume":"15","author":"Kawahara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telkomnika"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"713","article-title":"Limit of Detection a Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition","volume":"55","author":"Winefordner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hesketh, S.R., Landau, S., and Meteyard, H. (2010). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics, Cambridge University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7049.106","article-title":"Statistics Notes Measurement error proportional to the mean","volume":"313","author":"Bland","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.03.039","article-title":"Comparative study of different alcohol sensors based on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes","volume":"728","author":"Rama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.030","article-title":"Ethanol biosensors based on alcohol oxidase","volume":"21","author":"Azevedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"David, H., Elizabeth, S., Charity, R., and Eugene, A. (2001). Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1021\/ja973772c","article-title":"Sol-Gel-Encapsulated Alcohol Dehydrogenase as a Versatile, Environmentally Stabilized Sensor for Alcohols and Aldehydes","volume":"120","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/s5040266","article-title":"A Biosensor Based on Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase in Chitosan Matrix Cross-linked with Glyoxal for Amperometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creanga, C., Serban, S., Pittoson, R.W., and Murri, N.E. (2011). \u201cNo Calibration\u201d Type Sensor in Routine Amperometric Bio-sensing\u2014An Example of a Disposable Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor. Biosensors\u2014Emerging Materials and Applications, Intech.","DOI":"10.5772\/17769"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/440\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:38Z","timestamp":1760194418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020440","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]]}}}