{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:24:57Z","timestamp":1773872697083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent developments in measurement technology have led to the installation of efficient monitoring systems on many bridges and other structures all over the world. Nowadays, more and more structures have been built and instrumented with sensors. However, calibration and installation of sensors remain challenging tasks. In this paper, we use a case study, Adige Bridge, in order to present a low-cost method for the calibration and installation of elasto-magnetic sensors on cable-stayed bridges. Elasto-magnetic sensors enable monitoring of cable stress. The sensor installation took place two years after the bridge construction. The calibration was conducted in two phases: one in the laboratory and the other one on site. In the laboratory, a sensor was built around a segment of cable that was identical to those of the cable-stayed bridge. Then, the sample was subjected to a defined tension force. The sensor response was compared with the applied load. Experimental results showed that the relationship between load and magnetic permeability does not depend on the sensor fabrication process except for an offset. The determination of this offset required in situ calibration after installation. In order to perform the in situ calibration without removing the cables from the bridge, vibration tests were carried out for the estimation of the cables\u2019 tensions. At the end of the paper, we show and discuss one year of data from the elasto-magnetic sensors. Calibration results demonstrate the simplicity of the installation of these sensors on existing bridges and new structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T10:12:49Z","timestamp":1517825569000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Calibration of Elasto-Magnetic Sensors on In-Service Cable-Stayed Bridges for Stress Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5360-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Cappello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7591-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Zonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Ait Laasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, 80000 Agadir, Morocco"}]},{"given":"Branko","family":"Glisic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/14\/3\/009","article-title":"Monitoring based maintenance utilizing actual stress sensory technology","volume":"14","author":"Sumitro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Magnetoelastic method of stress measurement in steel","volume":"35","author":"Jarosevic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Smart Struct. NATO Sci. Ser."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/17\/6\/023","article-title":"Theory of the magnetization process in ferromagnets and its application to the magnetomechanical effect","volume":"17","author":"Jiles","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.1985.1063901","article-title":"The effect of stress on the magnetization of mild steel at moderate field strengths","volume":"21","author":"Langman","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/7\/5\/007","article-title":"Highly precise noncontact instrumentation for magnetic measurement of mechanical stress in low-carbon steel wires","volume":"7","author":"Kvasnica","year":"1996","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M.L., Satpathi, D., Koontz, S., Jarosevic, A., and Chandoga, M. (1998, January 25\u201328). Monitoring of cable forces using magneto-elastic sensors. Proceedings of the 2nd US-China Symposium Workshop on Recent Developments of Computational Mechanics in Structural Engineering, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043008-9\/50064-8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.M., Chen, Z.L., Koontz, S.S., and Loyd, G. (2000, January 7\u20139). Magnetoelastic permeability measurements for stress monitoring in steel tendons and cables. Proceedings of the SPIE Nondestructive Evaluation of Highways, Utilities, and Pipelines, Newport Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.387842"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sumitro, S., Jarosevic, A., and Wang, M.L. (2002, January 13\u201319). Elasto-magnetic sensor utilization on steel cable stress measurement. Proceedings of the First Fib Congress, Concrete Structures in the 21th Century, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00126-0","article-title":"Magnetic sensor used for the determination of fatigue state in ferromagnetic steels","volume":"A81","author":"Grimberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"\u010cajko, F. (2003, January 11\u201313). Pulse elasto-magnetic measurement of the cylindrical-shaped ferromagnetic specimens. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Applied Physics Matter (APCOM 2003), Mal\u00e1 Lu\u010divn\u00e1, Slovak."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2004.02.006","article-title":"Effects of temperature and corrosion thickness and composition on magnetic measurements of structural steel wires","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031108","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2931145","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of corrosion in structural carbon steels using electromagnetic sensors","volume":"130","author":"Rumiche","year":"2008","journal-title":"ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, J.W., Lee, J.J., and Lim, J.S. (July, January 29). Real-time NDE of steel cable using elasto-magnetic sensors installed in a cable climbing robot IAARC 2011. Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2011\/0222"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2008.4.6.711","article-title":"Long term health monitoring of post-tensioning box girder bridges","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/17\/2\/025019","article-title":"Study of a steel strand tension sensor with difference single bypass excitation structure based on the magneto-elastic effect","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041004","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000304","article-title":"Sensing creep evolution in 410 stainless steel by magnetic measurements","volume":"132","author":"Polar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cao, Y., and Wang, M.L. (July, January 29). Cable stress monitoring for a cable stayed bridge. Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, Naples, Italy."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"895","article-title":"Smart elasto-magneto-electric (EME) sensors for stress monitoring of steel structures in railway infrastructures","volume":"12","author":"Duan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07E516","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3679420","article-title":"Steel stress monitoring sensor based on elasto-magnetic effect and using magneto-electric laminated composite","volume":"111","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Wang, M.L., Wang, G., and Zhao, Y. (2005). Application of EM Stress Sensors in Large Steel Cables Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Esposito, P. (2010). Structural Monitoring of the Cable Stayed Bridge on Adige River on North Trento\u2014Rocchetta. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, University of Trento]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., and Wang, M.L. (2008, January 8). Fast EM stress sensors for large steel cables. Proceedings of the SPIE 6934, Nondestructive Characterization for Composite Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.778560"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:6(651)","article-title":"Practical formulas for estimation of cable tension by vibration method","volume":"122","author":"Zui","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"77","article-title":"A ccomparative study of the tension estimation methods for cable supported bridges","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Steel Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Den Hartog, J.P. (1985). Mechanical Vibrations, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.03.012","article-title":"Estimation of cable tension force using the frequency-based system identification method","volume":"304","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, C.P., and Casella, G. (2004). Monte Carlo Statistical Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4145-2"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/466\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:51Z","timestamp":1760194431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/466"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020466"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020466","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]}}}