{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:56:45Z","timestamp":1760241405725,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Model tests were carried out in dry silica sand under pile loading and visualizing observation to investigate the behavior of a pile group. The pile group consisted of nine cylindrical model piles of 40 mm in diameter in most tests or three rectangular parallelepiped model piles in the visualizing observation. Pile spacings of 200 mm and 100 mm between pile centers were used in the models. Tactile sensors were installed to measure the pressure distribution in the ground and colored sand layer with particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis to reveal the ground deformation in addition to strain gauges inside the model piles to investigate the interaction among group piles. The tests results showed that a narrower spacing between piles resulted in a wider affected area of the ground and the interaction was more significant below the tips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T15:18:05Z","timestamp":1517930285000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Use of Tactile Sensors and PIV Analysis for Understanding the Bearing Mechanism of Pile Groups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhijia","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1061\/AJGEB6.0001397","article-title":"Load transfer mechanisms in piles and pile groups","volume":"108","author":"Hawkins","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2003.53.10.847","article-title":"Science and empiricism in pile foundation design","volume":"53","author":"Randolph","year":"2003","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3208\/sandf.44.2_31","article-title":"Response evaluation of axially loaded fixed head pile groups using 3D nonlinear analysis","volume":"44","author":"Comodromos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soils Found."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2015.05.009","article-title":"Behaviour of flexible piles subjected to inclined loads","volume":"69","author":"Conte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000206","article-title":"Theoretical study on pile length optimization of pile groups and piled rafts","volume":"136","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1957.7.4.147","article-title":"Experiments with model piles in groups","volume":"7","author":"Whitaker","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geotechnique"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Vesic, A.S. (1967). A Study of Bearing Capacity of Deep Foundations, Georogia Institute Technology. Final Report Project B-139."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Itoh, A., and Yamagata, K. (1988, January 9\u201310). Vertical Loading Test of Model Pile Groups (Part 3: Influence of Pile Spacing). Proceedings of the Annual Conference AIJ, Structure I, Tokyo, Japan. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04017105","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001810","article-title":"Interpretative analysis of lateral load-carrying behavior and design model for inclined single and group micropiles","volume":"144","author":"Doohyun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Goto, S., Aoyama, S., Liu, B., AyalaAlarco, R., Takita, A., and Towhata, I. (2012, January 18\u201320). Model pile and pile group bearing capacity in large scale soil tank test. Proceedings of the IS-Kanazawa 2012, Kanazawa, Japan."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000143","article-title":"Tactile pressure sensors for soil-structure interaction assessment","volume":"135","author":"Michael","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. ASCE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.2003.53.7.619","article-title":"Soil deformation measurement using particle image velocimetry and photogrammetry","volume":"53","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geotechnique"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:57Z","timestamp":1760194437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]}}}