{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:55:48Z","timestamp":1760241348270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuning the stiffness balance is crucial to full-band common-mode rejection for a superconducting gravity gradiometer (SGG). A reliable method to do so has been proposed and experimentally tested. In the tuning scheme, the frequency response functions of the displacement of individual test mass upon common-mode accelerations were measured and thus determined a characteristic frequency for each test mass. A reduced difference in characteristic frequencies between the two test masses was utilized as the criterion for an effective tuning. Since the measurement of the characteristic frequencies does not depend on the scale factors of displacement detection, stiffness tuning can be done independently. We have tested this new method on a single-component SGG and obtained a reduction of two orders of magnitude in stiffness mismatch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,9]],"date-time":"2018-02-09T12:46:27Z","timestamp":1518180387000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tuning the Stiffness Balance Using Characteristic Frequencies as a Criterion for a Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xikai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement & Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2011.03.006","article-title":"A comparative analysis of geophysical fields for multi-sensor applications","volume":"74","author":"Erkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiFrancesco, D., Meyeer, T., Christensen, A., and Fitzgerald, D. (2009, January 16\u201318). Gravity gradiometry\u2014Today and tomorrow. Proceedings of the 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition, Royal Swazi Spa, Swaziland.","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609-pdb.241.difrancesco_paper1"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I33","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3548548","article-title":"Processing gravity gradient data","volume":"76","author":"Barnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metzger, E.H. (1977, January 8\u201310). Recent gravity gradiometer developments. Proceedings of the Guidance & Control Conference, Hollywood, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1977-1081"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.2008.00764.x","article-title":"Gravity gradiometer systems: Advances and challenges","volume":"57","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.17285\/0869-7035.2016.24.3.096-114","article-title":"The State of the Art in the Development of Onboard Gravity Gradiometers","volume":"3","author":"Evstifeev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Giroskopiyai Navigatsiya"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lumley, J.M., White, J.P., Barnes, G., Huang, D., and Paik, H.J. (2004, January 15). A Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer Tool for Exploration. Proceedings of the Airborne Gravity 2004-Abstracts from the ASEG-PESA Airborne Gravity 2004 Workshop, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1511798","article-title":"Three-axis superconducting gravity gradiometer for sensitive gravity experiments","volume":"73","author":"Moody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.35.3551","article-title":"Superconducting gravity gradiometer for sensitive gravity measurements. I. Theory","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.35.3572","article-title":"Superconducting gravity gradiometer for sensitive gravity measurements. II. Experiment","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"411","article-title":"Superconducting techniques for gravity survey and inertial navigation","volume":"21","author":"Chan","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"094501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3632114","article-title":"A superconducting gravity gradiometer for measurements from a moving vehicle","volume":"82","author":"Moody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1063\/1.337474","article-title":"Superconducting gravity gradiometer for space and terrestrial applications","volume":"60","author":"Moody","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-005-3826-4","article-title":"Airborne gradiometer error analysis","volume":"27","author":"Jekeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, H., Wu, M., and Cao, J. (2017). New Matching Method for Accelerometers in Gravity Gradiometer. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081710"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X.Q., Deng, Z.G., Xie, Y.F., Li, Z., Fan, J., and Tu, L.C. (2017). A New Scale Factor Adjustment Method for Magnetic Force Feedback Accelerometer. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112471"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/517\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:19Z","timestamp":1760194459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/517"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020517"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020517","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]]}}}