{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:26:33Z","timestamp":1773084393295,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-cost wireless temperature measurement has significant value in the food industry, logistics, agriculture, portable medical equipment, intelligent wireless health monitoring, and many areas in everyday life. A wireless passive temperature sensor based on PCB (Printed Circuit Board) materials is reported in this paper. The advantages of the sensor include simple mechanical structure, convenient processing, low-cost, and easiness in integration. The temperature-sensitive structure of the sensor is a dielectric-loaded resonant cavity, consisting of the PCB substrate. The sensitive structure also integrates a patch antenna for the transmission of temperature signals. The temperature sensing mechanism of the sensor is the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate changes with temperature, which causes the resonant frequency variation of the resonator. Then the temperature can be measured by detecting the changes in the sensor\u2019s working frequency. The PCB-based wireless passive temperature sensor prototype is prepared through theoretical design, parameter analysis, software simulation, and experimental testing. The high- and low-temperature sensing performance of the sensor is tested, respectively. The resonant frequency decreases from 2.434 GHz to 2.379 GHz as the temperature increases from \u221240 \u00b0C to 125 \u00b0C. The fitting curve proves that the experimental data have good linearity. Three repetitive tests proved that the sensor possess well repeatability. The average sensitivity is     347.45   KHz \/ \u2103     from repetitive measurements conducted three times. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the PCB-based wireless passive sensor, which provides a low-cost temperature sensing solution for everyday life, modern agriculture, thriving intelligent health devices, and so on, and also enriches PCB product lines and applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1518432638000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Low-Cost Wireless Temperature Measurement: Design, Manufacture, and Testing of a PCB-Based Wireless Passive Temperature Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test &amp; Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiyuan Research Institute Co., Ltd., China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingping","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test &amp; Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test &amp; Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Automatic Control Technology Research Institute, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemical Engineering Comprehensive Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jijun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science &amp; Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test &amp; Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2363095","article-title":"Concept and model of a metamaterial-based passive wireless temperature sensor for harsh environment applications","volume":"15","author":"Kairm","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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