{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T21:45:50Z","timestamp":1772142350232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]],"date-time":"2018-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new methodology for the estimation of tyre-contact forces is presented. The new procedure is an evolution of a previous method based on harmonic elimination techniques developed with the aim of producing low cost dynamometric wheels. While the original method required stress measurement in many rim radial lines and the fulfillment of some rigid conditions of symmetry, the new methodology described in this article significantly reduces the number of required measurement points and greatly relaxes symmetry constraints. This can be done without compromising the estimation error level. The reduction of the number of measuring radial lines increases the ripple of demodulated signals due to non-eliminated higher order harmonics. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the calibration procedure to this new scenario. A new calibration procedure that takes into account angular position of the wheel is completely described. This new methodology is tested on a standard commercial five-spoke car wheel. Obtained results are qualitatively compared to those derived from the application of former methodology leading to the conclusion that the new method is both simpler and more robust due to the reduction in the number of measuring points, while contact forces\u2019 estimation error remains at an acceptable level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1518432638000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential and Limitations of an Improved Method to Produce Dynamometric Wheels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bueno-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSIA, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Carretera de Valencia km. 7, 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7794-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Cardenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vehicle Dynamics Group, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15403 Ferrol, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9048-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Deibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Group for Engineering Research, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15403 Ferrol, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Garc\u00eda de Jal\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETSII and INSIA, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Jos\u00e9 Guti\u00e9rrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ortiz Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2005). Desarrollo de T\u00e9cnicas Experimentales en la Modelizaci\u00f3n de Neum\u00e1ticos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de M\u00e1laga]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0661(03)00073-X","article-title":"Estimation of automotive tire force characteristics using wheel velocity","volume":"11","author":"Ono","year":"2003","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2009.05.005","article-title":"Estimation of vehicle sideslip, tire force and wheel cornering stiffness","volume":"17","author":"Baffet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2010.2048118","article-title":"Onboard Real-Time Estimation of Vehicle Lateral Tire-Road Forces and Sideslip Angle","volume":"16","author":"Doumiati","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. 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Evaluation of Different Designs of Wheel Force Transducers (Part II), Commonwealth Drive. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1037.","DOI":"10.4271\/1999-01-1037"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.06.010","article-title":"A novel method for producing low cost dynamometric wheels based on harmonic elimination techniques","volume":"52-53","author":"Cubillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez L\u00f3pez, M.D. (2015). Measurement of Tyre-Road Contact Forces Through the Strains Measured in the Rim and Harmonic Elimiantion Techniques. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:34Z","timestamp":1760194474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]}}}