{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:49:10Z","timestamp":1781797750494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]],"date-time":"2018-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article proposes a novel active localization method based on the mixed polarization multiple signal classification (MP-MUSIC) algorithm for positioning a metal target or an insulator target in the underwater environment by using a uniform circular antenna (UCA). The boundary element method (BEM) is introduced to analyze the boundary of the target by use of a matrix equation. In this method, an electric dipole source as a part of the locating system is set perpendicularly to the plane of the UCA. As a result, the UCA can only receive the induction field of the target. The potential of each electrode of the UCA is used as spatial-temporal localization data, and it does not need to obtain the field component in each direction compared with the conventional fields-based localization method, which can be easily implemented in practical engineering applications. A simulation model and a physical experiment are constructed. The simulation and the experiment results provide accurate positioning performance, with the help of verifying the effectiveness of the proposed localization method in underwater target locating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1518432638000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Active Electro-Location of Objects in the Underwater Environment Based on the Mixed Polarization Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2477-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yidong","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-942X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2978-5676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2450-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingsong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2013.2255451","article-title":"Underwater Reflex Navigation in Confined Environment Based on Electric Sense","volume":"29","author":"Boyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2017.08.941","article-title":"Model based object localization and shape estimation using electric sense on underwater robots","volume":"50","author":"Bazeille","year":"2017","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/11\/4\/045003","article-title":"Reactive underwater object inspection based on artificial electric sense","volume":"11","author":"Lebastard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2016.10.005","article-title":"Direct regressions for underwater acoustic source localization in fluctuating oceans","volume":"116","author":"Lefort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardhan, S., and Jacob, S. (2015, January 18\u201320). Experimental observation of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms in a tank environment for sonar application. Proceedings of the 2015 International Symposium on Ocean Electronics (SYMPOL), Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYMPOL.2015.7581173"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063771015010121","article-title":"Source localization in a shallow-water channel with a rough surface","volume":"61","author":"Sazontov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acoust. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2008.920471","article-title":"Multicarrier Communication Over Underwater Acoustic Channels With Nonuniform Doppler Shifts","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"361","article-title":"Multicarrier Communication for Underwater Acoustic Channel","volume":"6","author":"Esmaiel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Netw. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2117","article-title":"Ultraviolet dermal reflexion and mate choice in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata","volume":"65","author":"White","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanneau, S., Lebastard, V., and Boyer, F. (2016, January 16\u201321). Object shape recognition using electric sense and ellipsoid\u2019s polarization tensor. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Stockholm, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487670"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mareschal, O., Dufay, B., Lebargy, S., All\u00e8gre, G., Denoual, M., and Robbes, D. (November, January 30). Non conducting object detection using low frequency electric field imaging: Possible application to anomaly detection in insulating materials. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE SENSORS, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2016.7808594"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364908090538","article-title":"Active Electrolocation for Underwater Target Localization","volume":"27","author":"Solberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Robot. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00193977","article-title":"The effects of simple objects on the electric field of Apteronotus","volume":"178","author":"Rasnow","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2017.2694829","article-title":"Underwater Active Electrosense: A Scattering Formulation and its Application","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Cui, L., and Do, K.D. (2016, January 9\u201314). A discrete dipole approximation approach to underwater active electrosense problems. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, Daejeon, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759216"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aa5296","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of the electric sense of fish: The role of multi-frequency measurements and movement","volume":"12","author":"Ammari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2004.833210","article-title":"Designing future underwater vehicles: Principles and mechanisms of the weakly electric fish","volume":"29","author":"Maciver","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solberg, J.R., Lynch, K.M., and Maciver, M.A. (2007, January 10\u201314). Robotic Electrolocation: Active Underwater Target Localization with Electric Fields. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Roma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.364231"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebastard, V., Chevallereau, C., Girin, A., and Boyer, F. (2012, January 14\u201318). Localization of small objects with electric sense based on kalman filter. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Saint Paul, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2012.6224824"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Numerical Simulation Model of the Induce Polarization: Ideal Electric Field Coupling System for Underwater Active Electrolocation Method","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1137\/040610854","article-title":"A MUSIC Algorithm for Locating Small Inclusions Buried in a Half-Space from the Scattering Amplitude at a Fixed Frequency","volume":"3","author":"Ammari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Siam J. Multisc. Model. Simul."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.02.054","article-title":"Self-Consistent MUSIC: An approach to the localization of true brain interactions from EEG\/MEG data","volume":"112","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2600700","article-title":"A Modified MUSIC Algorithm for Direction of Arrival Estimation in the Presence of Antenna Array Manifold Mismatch","volume":"64","author":"Kintz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shahbazi, F., Ziehe, A., and Nolte, G. (2012, January 22\u201323). Self-Consistent MUSIC algorithm to localize multiple sources in acoustic imaging. Proceedings of the 4th Berlin Beamforming Conference, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsikadelis, J. (2002). Boundary Elements. Theory and Applications, Elsevier Science.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044107-8\/50006-7"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1109\/10.725331","article-title":"Recursive MUSIC: A framework for EEG and MEG source localization","volume":"45","author":"Mosher","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/10.141192","article-title":"Multiple dipole modeling and localization from spatio-temporal MEG data","volume":"39","author":"Mosher","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/10.748978","article-title":"EEG and MEG: Forward solutions for inverse methods","volume":"46","author":"Mosher","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623053","article-title":"Noise covariance incorporated MEG-MUSIC algorithm: A method for multiple-dipole estimation tolerant of the influence of background brain activity","volume":"44","author":"Sekihara","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1109\/78.740118","article-title":"Source localization using recursively applied and projected (RAP) MUSIC","volume":"47","author":"Mosher","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:42Z","timestamp":1760194482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]}}}