{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:55:29Z","timestamp":1771037729757,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M620780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M620780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61490693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61490693"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91438203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91438203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chang Jiang Scholars Program","award":["T2012122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T2012122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of remote sensing technologies, SAR satellites like China\u2019s Gaofen-3 satellite have more imaging modes and higher resolution. With the availability of high-resolution SAR images, automatic ship target detection has become an important topic in maritime research. In this paper, a novel ship detection method based on gradient and integral features is proposed. This method is mainly composed of three steps. First, in the preprocessing step, a filter is employed to smooth the clutters and the smoothing effect can be adaptive adjusted according to the statistics information of the sub-window. Thus, it can retain details while achieving noise suppression. Second, in the candidate area extraction, a sea-land segmentation method based on gradient enhancement is presented. The integral image method is employed to accelerate computation. Finally, in the ship target identification step, a feature extraction strategy based on Haar-like gradient information and a Radon transform is proposed. This strategy decreases the number of templates found in traditional Haar-like methods. Experiments were performed using Gaofen-3 single-polarization SAR images, and the results showed that the proposed method has high detection accuracy and rapid computational efficiency. In addition, this method has the potential for on-board processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T12:28:03Z","timestamp":1518438483000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Novel Ship Detection Method Based on Gradient and Integral Feature for Single-Polarization Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5285-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Hangyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Electronic, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6014","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2611492","article-title":"Automatic target recognition in synthetic aperture radar imagery: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"4","author":"Gill","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13634-016-0413-4","article-title":"Target detection in complex scene of SAR image based on existence probability","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"EURASIP J. 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