{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:20:55Z","timestamp":1784114455632,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Grants Council of the HKSAR Government","award":["522813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["522813"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Technology Commission of the HKSAR Government to the Hong Kong Branch of National Rail Transit Electrification and Automation Engineering Technology Research Center","award":["No. 1-BBYW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 1-BBYW"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Studentship of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["RTUY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTUY"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel gradient-type magnetoelectric (ME) current sensor operating in magnetic field gradient (MFG) detection and conversion mode is developed based on a pair of ME composites that have a back-to-back capacitor configuration under a baseline separation and a magnetic biasing in an electrically-shielded and mechanically-enclosed housing. The physics behind the current sensing process is the product effect of the current-induced MFG effect associated with vortex magnetic fields of current-carrying cables (i.e., MFG detection) and the MFG-induced ME effect in the ME composite pair (i.e., MFG conversion). The sensor output voltage is directly obtained from the gradient ME voltage of the ME composite pair and is calibrated against cable current to give the current sensitivity. The current sensing performance of the sensor is evaluated, both theoretically and experimentally, under multisource noises of electric fields, magnetic fields, vibrations, and thermals. The sensor combines the merits of small nonlinearity in the current-induced MFG effect with those of high sensitivity and high common-mode noise rejection rate in the MFG-induced ME effect to achieve a high current sensitivity of 0.65\u201312.55 mV\/A in the frequency range of 10 Hz\u2013170 kHz, a small input-output nonlinearity of &lt;500 ppm, a small thermal drift of &lt;0.2%\/\u2103 in the current range of 0\u201320 A, and a high common-mode noise rejection rate of 17\u201328 dB from multisource noises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T07:01:42Z","timestamp":1518591702000},"page":"588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gradient-Type Magnetoelectric Current Sensor with Strong Multisource Noise Suppression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9531-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Branch of National Rail Transit Electrification and Automation Engineering Technology Research Center, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siu","family":"Or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Branch of National Rail Transit Electrification and Automation Engineering Technology Research Center, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/21\/11\/112001","article-title":"Electric current sensors: A review","volume":"21","author":"Ripka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meas. 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