{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:55:44Z","timestamp":1775256944634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]],"date-time":"2018-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) is a bit complicated because of the nature of the high dynamic mobility. The efficiency of routing protocol is influenced by a number of factors such as network density, bandwidth constraints, traffic load, and mobility patterns resulting in frequency changes in network topology. Therefore, Quality of Service (QoS) is strongly needed to enhance the capability of the routing protocol and improve the overall network performance. In this paper, we introduce a statistical framework model to address the problem of optimizing routing configuration parameters in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication. Our framework solution is based on the utilization of the network resources to further reflect the current state of the network and to balance the trade-off between frequent changes in network topology and the QoS requirements. It consists of three stages: simulation network stage used to execute different urban scenarios, the function stage used as a competitive approach to aggregate the weighted cost of the factors in a single value, and optimization stage used to evaluate the communication cost and to obtain the optimal configuration based on the competitive cost. The simulation results show significant performance improvement in terms of the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet loss (PL), and End-to-End Delay (E2ED).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1519098862000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["An Efficient Framework Model for Optimizing Routing Performance in VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nori M.","family":"Al-Kharasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless and Communication Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technolog, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuriati Ahmad","family":"Zulkarnain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless and Communication Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technolog, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shamala","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless and Communication Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technolog, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8079-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zurina Mohd","family":"Hanapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wireless and Communication Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technolog, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eze, E.C., Zhang, S., and Liu, E. (2014, January 12\u201313). Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs): Current state, challenges, potentials and way forward. Proceedings of the 2014 20th International Conference on Automation and Computing, Cranfield, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/IConAC.2014.6935482"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Corson, S., and Macker, J. (2018, January 16). Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/summary?doi=10.1.1.374.8291."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1312","article-title":"Modeling and Simulating Network Connectivity in Routing Protocols for MANETs and VANETs","volume":"3","author":"Arshad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Englund, C., Chen, L., Vinel, A., and Lin, S.Y. (2015). Future applications of VANETs. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15497-8_18"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Wu, D., Chen, J., and Dong, Z. (2017). Greening the Smart Cities: Energy-Efficient Massive Content Delivery via D2D Communications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y., Zhou, H., Zhuang, W., and Zhao, H. (2017). Overview of Safety Message Broadcast in Vehicular Networks. Safety Message Broadcast in Vehicular Networks, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47352-9"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-015-0913-y","article-title":"Advances in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs): Challenges and road-map for future development","volume":"13","author":"Eze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Autom. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, T.-h., Ramos, C., Abawajy, J., Kang, B.H., \u015al\u0119zak, D., and Adeli, H. (2012). Routing Protocol Considerations for Vehicle to Vehicle Communication through Mobility Pattern Analysis. Proceedings of the Computer Applications for Modeling, Simulation, and Automobile: International Conferences, MAS and ASNT 2012, Held in Conjunction with GST 2012, Jeju Island, Korea, 28 November\u20132 December 2012, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35248-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2007.912927","article-title":"Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.835","article-title":"Performance analysis of AODV, DSR, OLSR and DSDV routing protocols using NS2 Simulator","volume":"30","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0577-4","article-title":"An intersection-based QoS routing in vehicular ad hoc networks","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mayouf, Y.R.B., Ismail, M., Abdullah, N.F., Wahab, A.W.A., Mahdi, O.A., Khan, S., and Choo, K.K.R. (2016). Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm Based on User Mobility and Node Density in Urban Vehicular Network. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165966"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.06.006","article-title":"Mobility impact in IEEE 802.11p infrastructureless vehicular networks","volume":"10","author":"Alasmary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, C.M., Guidoni, D.L., Souza, F.S., Pitangui, C.G., Sarubbi, F., Aquino, A.L., Meira, W., Nogueira, J.M.S., and Pitsillides, A. (2016, January 1\u20134). Using the inter-contact time for planning the communication infrastructure in vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795894"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700481","article-title":"When Collaboration Hugs Intelligence: Content Delivery over Ultra-Dense Networks","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"A geographic multicopy routing scheme for DTNs with heterogeneous mobility","volume":"PP","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aadil, F., Bajwa, K.B., Khan, S., Chaudary, N.M., and Akram, A. (2016). CACONET: Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Based Clustering Algorithm for VANET. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154080"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, M.C., and Sharma, A.K. (2016). QoS Improvement in MANET Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm. Proceedings of the International Congress on Information and Communication Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, 12\u201313 December 2016, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0755-2_20"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, V., Keko, H., and Jaramillo, A. (2007). EPSO: Evolutionary particle swarms. Advances in Evolutionary Computing for System Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72377-6_6"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qureshi, K.N., Abdullah, A.H., Lloret, J., and Altameem, A. (2016). Road-aware routing strategies for vehicular ad hoc networks: Characteristics and comparisons. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1605734"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2009.03.004","article-title":"Using particle swam optimization for QoS in ad-hoc multicast","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2188552","article-title":"Intelligent OLSR Routing Protocol Optimization for VANETs","volume":"61","author":"Toutouh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Nieto, J., and Alba, E. (2010). Automatic parameter tuning with metaheuristics of the AODV routing protocol for vehicular ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of the European Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary Computation, Istanbul, Turkey, 7\u20139 April 2010, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12242-2_3"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gomez, C., Garcia, D., and Paradells, J. (2005, January 27\u201330). Improving performance of a real ad-hoc network by tuning OLSR parameters. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC\u201905), Murcia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clausen, T., and Jacquet, P. (2003). Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), RFC 3626, The Internet Society. Technical Report.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc3626"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houssain, Z.S., Zaimi, I., Drissi, M., Oumsis, M., and Ouatik, S.E.A. (2017). Trade-off between accuracy, cost and QoS using Beacon on Demand strategy and Kalman filtering over VANET. Digit. Commun. Netw.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2017.09.001"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Bhatti, S.N., and Parker, D. (2006, January 11\u201314). Tuning OLSR. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2006.254160"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.05.014","article-title":"A link-state QoS routing protocol based on link stability for Mobile Ad hoc Networks","volume":"39","author":"Moussaoui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belhassen, M., Dhraief, A., and Belghith, A. (2015). City-Obstacles Impact on OLSR-Based Routing Protocols. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles, Sousse, Tunisia, 6\u20138 May 2015, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17765-6_5"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Toutouh, J., Garc\u00eda-Nieto, J., and Alba, E. (2010, January 28\u201330). Optimal configuration of OLSR routing protocol for VANETs by means of differential evolution. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Metaheuristics and Nature Inspired Computing, META 2010, Djerba Island, Tunisia."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi, S., Mousavi, M.S., and Fathy, M. (2006, January 21\u201323). Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs): Challenges and Perspectives. Proceedings of the 2006 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITST.2006.289012"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibnitz, K., Wakamiya, N., and Murata, M. (2007, January 13\u201316). A bio-inspired robust routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, ICCCN 2007, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2007.4317839"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Sliwa, B., Ide, C., and Wietfeld, C. (2016, January 15\u201316). An OMNeT++ based framework for mobility-aware routing in mobile robotic networks. Proceedings of the 3rd OMNeT++ Community Summit, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. arXiv Preprint,\u00a02016."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11307","DOI":"10.3390\/s120811307","article-title":"A self-optimizing scheme for energy balanced routing in wireless sensor networks using sensorant","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2010.01.012","article-title":"Automatic tuning of communication protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks using metaheuristics","volume":"23","author":"Toutouh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Eberhart, R., and Kennedy, J. (1995, January 4\u20136). A new optimizer using particle swarm theory. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science (MHS \u201995), Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sammut, C., and Webb, G.I. (2010). Particle Swarm Optimization. Encyclopedia of Machine Learning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30164-8"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, V., and Alves, R. (2014, January 7\u201310). PAR\/PST location and sizing in power grids with wind power uncertainty. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (PMAPS), Durham, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/PMAPS.2014.6960679"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Contributors, O. (2018, January 16). OpenStreetMap, 2012. Available online: http:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"128","article-title":"Recent development and applications of SUMO-Simulation of Urban MObility","volume":"5","author":"Krajzewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Syst. Meas."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4rri, J., Filali, F., Bonnet, C., and Fiore, M. (2006). VanetMobiSim: Generating realistic mobility patterns for VANETs. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 29 September 2006, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1161064.1161084"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ros, F.J. (2018, January 16). Um-olsr. Available online: https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/p\/um-olsr\/wiki\/Home\/."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiore, M., and H\u00e4rri, J. (2008). The networking shape of vehicular mobility. Proceedings of the 9th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Hong Kong, China, 26\u201330 May 2008, ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/1374618.1374654"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"WG802.11\u2014Wireless LAN Working Group (2018, January 16). 802.11p-2010\u2014IEEE Standard for Information Technology\u2014Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Specific Requirements\u2014Part 11: Wireless lan Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/findstds\/standard\/802.11p-2010.html."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2018, January 16). Network Simulator. 2.34. Available online: http:\/\/www.isi.edu\/nsnam."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:55:18Z","timestamp":1760194518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/2\/597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s18020597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18020597","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,15]]}}}