{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:57:27Z","timestamp":1760241447267,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) positioning algorithms can be used to obtain a target\u2019s location only for movement with step features and not for driving, for which the trilateral Bluetooth indoor positioning method can be used. In this study, to obtain the precise locations of different states (pedestrian\/car) using the corresponding positioning algorithms, we propose an adaptive method for switching between the PDR and car indoor positioning algorithms based on multilayer time sequences (MTSs). MTSs, which consider the behavior context, comprise two main aspects: filtering of noisy data in small-scale time sequences and using a state chain to reduce the time delay of algorithm switching in large-scale time sequences. The proposed method can be expected to realize the recognition of stationary, walking, driving, or other states; switch to the correct indoor positioning algorithm; and improve the accuracy of localization compared to using a single positioning algorithm. Our experiments show that the recognition of static, walking, driving, and other states improves by 5.5%, 45.47%, 26.23%, and 21% on average, respectively, compared with convolutional neural network (CNN) method. The time delay decreases by approximately 0.5\u20138.5 s for the transition between states and by approximately 24 s for the entire process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T14:18:08Z","timestamp":1519741088000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Adaptive Method for Switching between Pedestrian\/Car Indoor Positioning Algorithms based on Multilayer Time Sequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhining","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Network SiJiShenWang Location Service (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Digital Engineering Research Institute, No. 718, Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improved GNSS-based indoor positioning algorithm for mobile devices","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Retscher, G., and Tatschi, T. 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