{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:57:41Z","timestamp":1760241461193,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the vertical guiding laser beam waist on cold atom guiding efficiency. In this study, a double magneto-optical trap (MOT) apparatus is used. With an unbalanced force in the horizontal direction, a cold atomic beam is generated by the first MOT. The cold atoms enter the second chamber and are then re-trapped and cooled by the second MOT. By releasing a second atom cloud, the process of transferring the cold atoms from MOT to the dipole trap, which is formed by a red-detuned converged 1064-nm laser, is experimentally demonstrated. And after releasing for 20 ms, the atom cloud is guided to a distance of approximately 3 mm. As indicated by the results, the guiding efficiency depends strongly on the laser beam waist; the efficiency reaches a maximum when the waist radius (w0) of the laser is in the range of 15 to 25 \u03bcm, while the initial atom cloud has a radius of 133 \u03bcm. Additionally, the properties of the atoms inside the dipole potential trap, such as the distribution profile and lifetime, are deduced from the fluorescence images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1519822452000},"page":"717","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Investigation of the Influence of the Laser Beam Waist on Cold Atom Guiding Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ningfang","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Yitong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-250X(05)80007-2","article-title":"Atom optics, guided atoms, and atom interferometry","volume":"50","author":"Arlt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/00107510118044","article-title":"Prospects for atom interferometry","volume":"42","author":"Godun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Contemp. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(94)90066-3","article-title":"Atom optics","volume":"240","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.75.3253","article-title":"Laser-guided atoms in hollow-core optical fibers","volume":"75","author":"Renn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123015","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/12\/123015","article-title":"Efficient guiding of cold atoms through a photonic band gap fiber","volume":"12","author":"Vorrath","year":"2010","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.40.729","article-title":"Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure","volume":"40","author":"Ashkin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.57.314","article-title":"Experimental observation of optically trapped atoms","volume":"57","author":"Chu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1209\/epl\/i1999-00187-x","article-title":"An atomic fountain guided by a far-off resonance laser beam","volume":"45","author":"Szymaniec","year":"1999","journal-title":"EPL"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/8\/12\/309","article-title":"Transport of launched cold atoms with a laser guide and pulsed magnetic fields","volume":"8","author":"Pritchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.55.3684","article-title":"Optical-dipole-force fiber guiding and heating of atoms","volume":"55","author":"Renn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2007-00022-0","article-title":"Continuous transfer and laser guiding between two cold Atom traps","volume":"42","author":"Dimova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. D"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(99)00233-3","article-title":"Guiding and cooling of cold atoms in a dipole guide","volume":"166","author":"Pruvost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/4\/1\/369","article-title":"Guiding of cold atoms by a red-detuned laser beam of moderate power","volume":"4","author":"Wolschrijn","year":"2002","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.59.2631","article-title":"Trapping of neutral sodium atoms with radiation pressure","volume":"59","author":"Raab","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.3.000111","article-title":"A magneto-optical trap loaded from a pyramidal funnel","volume":"3","author":"Williamson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z.T., Corwin, K.L., Renn, M.J., Anderson, M.H., Cornell, E.A., and Wieman, C.E. (2008). Low-Velocity Intense Source of Atoms from a Magneto-Optical Trap, World Scientific Publishing. Collected Papers of Carl Wieman.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812813787_0057"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1056\/18\/8\/042","article-title":"Characterization of a velocity-tunable 87Rb cold atomic source with a high-speed imaging technology","volume":"18","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-250X(08)60186-X","article-title":"Optical Dipole Traps for Neutral Atoms","volume":"42","author":"Grimm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Steck, D.A. (2018, February 27). Rubidium 87 D Line Data. Available online: http:\/\/steck.us\/alkalidata."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.61.169","article-title":"Observation of atoms laser cooled below the Doppler limit","volume":"61","author":"Lett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.64.408","article-title":"Collective behavior of optically trapped neutral atoms","volume":"64","author":"Walker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.69.897","article-title":"Isotopic difference in trap loss collisions of laser cooled rubidium atoms","volume":"69","author":"Wallace","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3597","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.50.R3597","article-title":"Reduction of light-assisted collisional loss rate from a low-pressure vapor-cell trap","volume":"50","author":"Anderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/717\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:50Z","timestamp":1760194610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/717"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s18030717"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18030717","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]}}}