{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T12:57:19Z","timestamp":1762001839829,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012152","name":"National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BX201700100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX201700100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61622503, 61575113, 61307124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61622503, 61575113, 61307124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sanjin Scholars Program","award":["2017QNSJXZ-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017QNSJXZ-04"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"the National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC MIRTHE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC MIRTHE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Robert Welch Foundation Grant","award":["C-0586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C-0586"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201506175025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201506175025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Changchun Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["14KG022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14KG022"]}]},{"name":"\u201c1331 project\u201d key subjects construction"},{"name":"Program for the Outstanding Innovative Teams of Higher Learning Institutions of Shanxi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A ppbv-level quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS)-based ethane (C2H6) sensor was demonstrated by using a 3.3 \u03bcm continuous-wave (CW), distributed feedback (DFB) interband cascade laser (ICL). The ICL was employed for targeting a strong C2H6 absorption line located at 2996.88 cm\u22121 in its fundamental absorption band. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) combined with the second harmonic (2f) detection technique was utilized to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and simplify data acquisition and processing. Gas pressure and laser frequency modulation depth were optimized to be 100 Torr and 0.106 cm\u22121, respectively, for maximizing the 2f signal amplitude. Performance of the QEPAS sensor was evaluated using specially prepared C2H6 samples. A detection limit of 11 parts per billion in volume (ppbv) was obtained with a 1-s integration time based on an Allan-Werle variance analysis, and the detection precision can be further improved to ~1.5 ppbv by increasing the integration time up to 230 s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1519822452000},"page":"723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ppbv-Level Ethane Detection Using Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with a Continuous-Wave, Room Temperature Interband Cascade Laser"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Geophysics Exploration Instruments, College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7379-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuantao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Geophysics Exploration Instruments, College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiding","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-7565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Tittel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L22808","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027330","article-title":"Influence of biomass burning during recent fluctuations in the slow growth of global tropospheric methane","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. 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