{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1760241418681,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The monitoring of water-soluble pollutants is receiving a growing interest from the scientific community. In this context, sulfide anion species S2\u2212 and HS\u2212 are particularly relevant since they can cause acute and chronic toxicity including neurological effects and at high concentrations, even death. In this study, a new strategy for fast and sensitive optical detection of sulfide species in water samples is described. The method uses an integrated silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) device coupled with the appropriate analytical strategy applied in a plastic microchip with dried reagents on board. More specifically, all sulfide species (H2S, HS\u2212 and S2\u2212) in water samples are detected by the fluorescence signal emitted upon the reaction with N,N-dimethyl-phenylenediamine sulfate in the presence of Fe3+, leading to the formation of the fluorescent methylene blue (MB) species. It has been proven that the system herein proposed is able to measure sulfide concentration in a linear range from 0\u201310 mg L\u22121 with a sensitivity value of about 6.7 \u00b5A mg\u22121 L and a detection limit of 0.5 mg L\u22121. A comparison with conventional UV-Vis detection method has been also carried out. Data show a very good linear correlation (R2 = 0.98093), proving the effectiveness of the method. Results pave the way toward the development of portable and low-cost device systems for water-soluble sulfide pollutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1519822452000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sulfide Species Optical Monitoring by a Miniaturized Silicon Photomultiplier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Petralia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4972-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sciuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diploma of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-1965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMM Sede, Strada VIII Z.I. 5, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebania","family":"Libertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMM Sede, Strada VIII Z.I. 5, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8652-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Anna","family":"Messina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Policlinico Universitario, Via S. Sofia 78, 95100 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Speleologico Etneo, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-7284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Conoci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"A miniaturized silicon based device for Nucleic Acids electrochemical Detection","volume":"6","author":"Petralia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Biosens. 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