{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:57:24Z","timestamp":1778695044689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a novel double-differential vector phase-locked loop (DD-VPLL) for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) that leverages carrier phase position solutions as well as base station measurements in the estimation of rover tracking loop parameters. The use of double differencing alleviates the need for estimating receiver clock dynamics and atmospheric delays; therefore, the navigation filter consists of the baseline dynamic states only. It is shown that using vector processing for carrier phase tracking leads to a significant enhancement in the receiver sensitivity compared to using the conventional scalar-based tracking loop (STL) and vector frequency locked loop (VFLL). The sensitivity improvement of 8 to 10 dB compared to STL, and 7 to 8 dB compared to VFLL, is obtained based on the test cases reported in the paper. Also, an increased probability of ambiguity resolution in the proposed method results in better availability for real time kinematic (RTK) applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T13:37:21Z","timestamp":1520948241000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Design and Implementation of an RTK-Based Vector Phase Locked Loop"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shafaati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Broumandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rard","family":"Lachapelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Scott, M. (2017). GPS Carrier Phase Tracking in Difficult Environments Using Vector Tracking for Precise Positioning and Vehicle Attitude Estimation Tracking in GNSS. [Ph.D. Thesis, Auburn University]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Krasovski, S., Petovello, M.G., and Lachapelle, G. (2014, January 8\u201312). Ultra-tight GPS\/INS Receiver Performance in the Presence of Jamming Signals. Proceedings of the ION GNSS, Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"16","article-title":"What are Vector Tracking Loops, and what are their benefits and drawbacks","volume":"4","author":"Lashley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Pany, T., and Eissfeller, B. (2006, January 25\u201327). Use of a Vector Delay Lock Loop Receiver for GNSS Signal Power Analysis in Bad Signal Conditions. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ION PLANS, Coronado, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Petovello, M.G., O\u2019Driscoll, C., Lachapelle, G., Borio, D., and Murtaza, H. 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