{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:11:45Z","timestamp":1775765505152,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41504086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41504086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41604083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41604083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province","award":["20170520164JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170520164JH"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20160101281JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20160101281JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is a novel geophysical method to detect groundwater directly. By applying this method to underground projects in mines and tunnels, warning information can be provided on water bodies that are hidden in front prior to excavation and thus reduce the risk of casualties and accidents. However, unlike its application to ground surfaces, the application of MRS to underground environments is constrained by the narrow space, quite weak MRS signal, and complex electromagnetic interferences with high intensities in mines. Focusing on the special requirements of underground MRS (UMRS) detection, this study proposes the use of an antenna with different turn numbers, which employs a separated transmitter and receiver. We designed a stationary coil with stable performance parameters and with a side length of 2 m, a matching circuit based on a Q-switch and a multi-stage broad\/narrowband mixed filter that can cancel out most electromagnetic noise. In addition, noises in the pass-band are further eliminated by adopting statistical criteria and harmonic modeling and stacking, all of which together allow weak UMRS signals to be reliably detected. Finally, we conducted a field case study of the UMRS measurement in the Wujiagou Mine in Shanxi Province, China, with known water bodies. Our results show that the method proposed in this study can be used to obtain UMRS signals in narrow mine environments, and the inverted hydrological information generally agrees with the actual situation. Thus, we conclude that the UMRS method proposed in this study can be used for predicting hazardous water bodies at a distance of 7\u20139 m in front of the wall for underground mining projects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T13:37:21Z","timestamp":1520948241000},"page":"848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Design of Meter-Scale Antenna and Signal Detection System for Underground Magnetic Resonance Sounding in Mines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"given":"Tiehu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"given":"Baofeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5373-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuandong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geophysical Exploration Equipment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"},{"name":"College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-014-9304-0","article-title":"A Review of the Principles and Applications of the NMR Technique for Near-Surface Characterization","volume":"36","author":"Behroozmand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3619","article-title":"Underground Magnetic Resonance Sounding (UMRS) for detection of disastrous water in mining and tunneling","volume":"56","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2011.06.010","article-title":"The underground application of Magnetic Resonance Soundings","volume":"75","author":"Greben","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radic, T. (2006, January 4\u20136). Improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Surface NMR Data Due to the Remote Reference Technique. Proceedings of the 12th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Helsinki, Finland.","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609.201402690"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1560","article-title":"The situation and progress of magnetic resonance sounding for groundwater investigations and underground applications","volume":"42","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Jilin Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, S., Ma, Z., Jiang, C., Lin, J., Xue, Y., Shang, X., and Li, Z. (2017). Response Characteristics and Experimental Study of Underground Magnetic Resonance Sounding Using a Small-Coil Sensor. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092127"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2008.03.006","article-title":"Multi-channel surface NMR instrumentation and software for 1D\/2D groundwater investigations","volume":"66","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggu434","article-title":"Magnetic resonance tomography using elongated transmitter and in-loop receiver arrays for time-efficient 2-D imaging of subsurface aquifer structures","volume":"200","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggw004","article-title":"Increasing the resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic resonance sounding data using a central loop configuration","volume":"205","author":"Behroozmand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Liang, R. (2009). Study on Multi-Turn Coil Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) Technique for Underground Water. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2484","article-title":"Simulation and experimental research of MRS response based on multi-turn loop","volume":"56","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Yi, X. (2014). Research and Design of the Main Unit of Portable Magnetic Resonance System for Groundwater Detection. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jilin University]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Du, G., Jian, Z., Yi, X., Jiang, C., and Lin, T. (2017). Development of a Rigid One-Meter-Side and Cooled Coil Sensor at 77 K for Magnetic Resonance Sounding to Detect Subsurface Water Sources. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061362"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"278","article-title":"Research and Realization of Short Dead-Time Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Groundwater Exploration","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114702","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4934969","article-title":"Signal acquisition module design for multi-channel surface magnetic resonance sounding system","volume":"86","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggt422","article-title":"Noise cancelling of MRS signals combining model-based removal of powerline harmonics and multichannel Wiener filtering","volume":"196","author":"Larsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"2290","article-title":"Spikes removal of magnetic resonance sounding data based on energy calculation","volume":"59","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2011026","article-title":"Statistical stacking and adaptive notch filter to remove high-level electromagnetic noise from MRS measurements","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Callaghan, P.T. (2007). Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2008.01.002","article-title":"Imaging of groundwater with nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"53","author":"Hertrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.62.1290","article-title":"Theory of surface nuclear magnetic resonance with applications to geophysical imaging problems","volume":"62","author":"Weichman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2015.02.008","article-title":"Imaging shallow three dimensional water-bearing structures using magnetic resonance tomography","volume":"116","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"WB9","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2015-0461.1","article-title":"MRSmatlab\u2014A software tool for processing, modeling, and inversion of magnetic resonance sounding data","volume":"81","author":"Braun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05558.x","article-title":"Efficient full decay inversion of MRS data with a stretched-exponential approximation of the distribution","volume":"190","author":"Behroozmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-3279-2012","article-title":"Hydraulic properties at the North Sea island of Borkum derived from joint inversion of magnetic resonance and electrical resistivity soundings","volume":"16","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03011.x","article-title":"Three-dimensional modeling and inversion of dc resistivity data incorporating topography\u2014Part II: Inversion","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2015.05.005","article-title":"Uncertainty estimates for surface nuclear magnetic resonance water content and relaxation time profiles from bootstrap statistics","volume":"119","author":"Parsekian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"4184","article-title":"Design and experiment of small antenna for magnetic resonance sounding in underground applications","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2010066","article-title":"Reliability and limitations of surface NMR assessed by comparison to borehole NMR","volume":"9","author":"Hiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-9851(98)00011-1","article-title":"Processing of surface proton magnetic resonance signals using non-linear fitting","volume":"39","author":"Legchenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G27","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3238366","article-title":"Accounting for relaxation processes during the pulse in surface NMR data","volume":"74","author":"Walbrecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2010063","article-title":"Assessment of the potential of a new generation of surface NMR instruments","volume":"9","author":"Dlugosch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/848\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:56:51Z","timestamp":1760194611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s18030848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18030848","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]]}}}