{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T03:44:20Z","timestamp":1761709460723,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]],"date-time":"2018-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61490690","61490694","61701512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61490690","61490694","61701512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simultaneous fully polarimetric radar uses orthogonal polarization channels to transmit a pair of signals, both of which must have good auto- and cross-correlation characteristics. In this paper, the design of sequences with good correlation properties and Doppler tolerance is investigated. New cyclic algorithms, namely, Cyclic Algorithm-Gradient I (CAGI) and Cyclic Algorithm-Gradient II (CAGII) are proposed to solve the optimization problem. Meanwhile, the sequences designed in this paper have ultra-low auto- and cross-correlation side-lobes in a specified lag interval. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate and validate the superiority of the proposed cyclic algorithms, especially for the measurement of moving targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Algorithms for Designing Unimodular Sequences with High Doppler Tolerance for Simultaneous Fully Polarimetric Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Xuesong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5705672","article-title":"Target recognition by means of polarimetric ISAR images","volume":"47","author":"Martorella","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2053836","article-title":"Classification of tropical vegetation using multifrequency partial SAR polarimetry","volume":"8","author":"Lardeux","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2056692","article-title":"Polarimetric decomposition over glacier ice using long-wavelength airborne PolSAR","volume":"49","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1950.230106","article-title":"The Transmission and Reception of Elliptically Polarized Waves","volume":"38","author":"Sinclair","year":"1950","journal-title":"IEEE Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.802462","article-title":"An ultrafast wide-band millimeter-wave (MMW) polarimetric radar for remote sensing applications","volume":"40","author":"Nashashibi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.840772","article-title":"Retrieval of information about turbulence in rain by using Doppler-polarimetric radar","volume":"53","author":"Yanovsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004-4132.2010.06.007","article-title":"Instantaneous measurement for radar target polarization scattering matrix","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Syst. Eng. Electron."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2791958","article-title":"Frequency Calibration for the Scattering Matrix of the Simultaneous Polarimetric Radar","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1993.0033","article-title":"Radar target scattering matrix measurement through orthogonal signals","volume":"140","author":"Giuli","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEE Proc. F Radar Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6557996","article-title":"Nearly Orthogonal Waveforms for MIMO FMCW Radar","volume":"49","author":"Babur","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5310326","article-title":"Orthogonal Discrete Frequency-Coding Waveform Set Design with Minimized Autocorrelation Sidelobes","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.836530","article-title":"Polyphase code design for orthogonal netted radar systems","volume":"52","author":"Deng","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2510982","article-title":"Sequence design to minimize the weighted integrated and peak sidelobe levels","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2016.2621728","article-title":"Designing Sequence with Minimum PSL Using Chebyshev Distance and its Application for Chaotic MIMO Radar Waveform Design","volume":"65","author":"Ataei","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2012562","article-title":"New Algorithm for designing unimodular sequences with good correlation properties","volume":"57","author":"Stoica","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2025108","article-title":"Designing unimodular sequences sets with good correlations\u2014Including an application to MIMO radar","volume":"57","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Khan, H.A., and Edwards, D.J. (2006, January 24\u201327). Doppler problems in orthogonal MIMO radar. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Conference on Radar, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1983.309340","article-title":"Doppler properties of poly-phase coded pulse compression waveforms","volume":"19","author":"Kretschmer","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arlery, F., Kassab, R., and Tan, U. (2017, January 2\u20136). Efficient gradient method for locally optimizing the periodic\/aperiodic ambiguity function. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarConf), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2016.7485309"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2017.2700396","article-title":"Local Ambiguity Function Shaping via Unimodular Sequence Design","volume":"24","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, Y., Calderbank, R., and Pezeshki, A. (2009, January 13\u201316). Golay complementary waveforms for sparse delay-Doppler radar imaging. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Computational Advances in Multi-Sensor Adaptive Processing, Dutch Antilles, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMSAP.2009.5413308"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pezeshki, A., Calderbank, R., Howard, S.D., and Moran, W. (2007, January 26\u201329). Doppler Resilient Golay Complementary Pairs for Radar. Proceedings of the IEEE\/SP Workshop on Statistical Signal Processing, Madison, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSP.2007.4301305"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2006.877143","article-title":"Optimizing polyphase sequences for orthogonal netted radar","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2009.2022887","article-title":"Joint Transmitter and Receiver Polarization Optimization for Scattering Estimation in Clutter","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levanon, N., and Mozeson, E. (2004). Radar Signals, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663085"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/7.68151","article-title":"Low sidelobe radar waveform derived from orthogonal matrices","volume":"27","author":"Kretschmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1137\/0723046","article-title":"A nonmonotone line search technique for Newton\u2019s method","volume":"23","author":"Grippo","year":"1986","journal-title":"SIAM J. Numercial Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2443551","article-title":"A Pulse Compression Waveform for Weather Radars with Solid-State Transmitters","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/905\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:34Z","timestamp":1760194654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/3\/905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s18030905"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18030905","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,18]]}}}