{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1760241482221,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China","award":["61703129","61703128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61703129","61703128"]}]},{"name":"Key Foundation of the Integration of Information and Industrial","award":["U1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1509205"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LY17F020020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LY17F020020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A constrained least-squares (CLS) 3D source localization method is presented for acoustic sensor networks with sensor position errors. The proposed approach uses angles of arrivals (AOAs) and gain ratios of arrival (GROAs) measured simultaneously at each node to estimate the source position jointly. Compared to AOA-only localization methods, the GROAs can be used in conjunction with AOA measurements so as to get more accurate results by exploiting the geometrical relationship between these two measurements. Compared to time difference of arrival localization methods, the proposed algorithm does not require accurate time synchronization over different nodes. The theoretical mean-square error matrices of the proposed approach are derived and they are exactly equal to the Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound for Gaussian noise under the small error condition. Simulations validate the performance of the proposed estimator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T05:14:55Z","timestamp":1521695695000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Source Localization in Acoustic Sensor Networks via Constrained Least-Squares Optimization Using AOA and GROA Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ji-An","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Si-Wei","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Liang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2004.10.003","article-title":"On exploiting propagation delays for passive target localization using bearings-only measurements","volume":"342","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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