{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T03:25:08Z","timestamp":1774063508847,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) domain, simultaneous measurement of vibration and temperature\/strain based on Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering in fiber could have wide applications. However, there are certain challenges for the case of ultra-long sensing range, including the interplay of different scattering mechanisms, the interaction of two types of sensing signals, and the competition of pump power. In this paper, a hybrid DOFS system, which can simultaneously measure temperature\/strain and vibration over 150 km, is elaborately designed via integrating the Brillouin optical time-domain analyzer (BOTDA) and phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (\u0424-OTDR). Distributed Raman and Brillouin amplifications, frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM) are delicately fused to accommodate ultra-long-distance BOTDA and \u0424-OTDR. Consequently, the sensing range of the hybrid system is 150.62 km, and the spatial resolution of BOTDA and \u0424-OTDR are 9 m and 30 m, respectively. The measurement uncertainty of the BOTDA is \u00b1 0.82 MHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such hybrid DOFS is realized with a hundred-kilometer length scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T03:43:29Z","timestamp":1522035809000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Ultra-Long-Distance Hybrid BOTDA\/\u0424-OTDR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"},{"name":"Center for Information Geoscience, UESTC, Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Richeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Naitian","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5354-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Chongyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Atubga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]},{"given":"Yunjiang","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Ministry of Education), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu 611731, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4939482","article-title":"Contributed Review: Distributed optical fibre dynamic strain sensing","volume":"87","author":"Masoudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. 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