{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:37:07Z","timestamp":1769733427790,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M620048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M620048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rainfall-induced landslides are one of the most widespread slope instability phenomena posing a serious risk to public safety worldwide so that their temporal prediction is of great interest to establish effective warning systems. The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of elastic wave velocities in the surface layer of the slope in monitoring, prediction and early warning of landslide. The small-scale fixed and varied, and large-scale slope model tests were conducted. Analysis of the results has established that the elastic wave velocity continuously decreases in response of moisture content and deformation and there was a distinct surge in the decrease rate of wave velocity when failure was initiated. Based on the preliminary results of this analysis, the method using the change in elastic wave velocity proves superior for landslide early warning and suggests that a warning be issued at switch of wave velocity decrease rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18040997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]],"date-time":"2018-03-27T12:17:24Z","timestamp":1522153044000},"page":"997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Feasibility of Using Elastic Wave Velocity Monitoring for Early Warning of Rainfall-Induced Slope Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yulong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9976-602X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering &amp; Technology Lahore, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Uchimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electric Power Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-10-465-2010","article-title":"Societal landslide and flood risk in Italy","volume":"10","author":"Salvati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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