{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1766268913599,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41504006, 41674034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41504006, 41674034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes two models for precise time transfer using the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System triple-frequency signals: ionosphere-free (IF) combined precise point positioning (PPP) model with two dual-frequency combinations (IF-PPP1) and ionosphere-free combined PPP model with a single triple-frequency combination (IF-PPP2). A dataset with a short baseline (with a common external time frequency) and a long baseline are used for performance assessments. The results show that IF-PPP1 and IF-PPP2 models can both be used for precise time transfer using BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) triple-frequency signals, and the accuracy and stability of time transfer is the same in both cases, except for a constant system bias caused by the hardware delay of different frequencies, which can be removed by the parameter estimation and prediction with long time datasets or by a priori calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1522327916000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Modeling and Assessment of Precise Time Transfer by Using BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Triple-Frequency Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering, Yan Ta Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation and Timing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shu Yuan Road, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu Quan Road, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/49\/1\/009","article-title":"Use of GLONASS for UTC time transfer","volume":"49","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/51\/5\/476","article-title":"Link calibration against receiver calibration: An assessment of GPS time transfer uncertainties","volume":"51","author":"Rovera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1109\/58.775667","article-title":"Carrier-Phase Time Transfer","volume":"46","author":"Larson","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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