{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:57:48Z","timestamp":1760241468378,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we present a time domain method for extracting coefficients of nonlinear Volterra-series kernels for white light-emitting diodes (LED) used both for illumination and visible light communications. We show that this method may have several advantages over the thus far more popular frequency domain method. We successfully apply the measured kernel coefficients up to the 3rd order for the modeling of nonlinear distortion impact on advanced modulation formats: pulse amplitude modulation, carrierless amplitude phase and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The impact of blue filtering on dynamic nonlinearity is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T12:51:56Z","timestamp":1522327916000},"page":"1024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Volterra Kernel Estimation of White Light LEDs in the Time Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Stepniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6137-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Siuzdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2010.2089602","article-title":"513 Mbit\/s Visible Light Communications Link Based on DMT Modulation of a White LED","volume":"28","author":"Vucic","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2143401","article-title":"Comparison of different modulation formats for 1 Gbit\/2 SI-POF transmission systems","volume":"23","author":"Zeolla","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2015.0001","article-title":"Visible light communications towards 5G","volume":"24","author":"Zvanovec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2009.2022413","article-title":"100-Mb\/s NRZ visible light communications using a postequalized white LED","volume":"21","author":"Faulkner","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. 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Light Emitting Diodes, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790546"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2157082","article-title":"Empirical Volterra-series modeling of commercial light-emitting diodes","volume":"29","author":"Kamalakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcppert, M., and Bunge, C.A. (2016, January 10\u201314). Characterization and equalization of nonlinearities in directly modulated resonant cavity light-emitting diodes. 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