{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:51:21Z","timestamp":1775710281640,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"DAAD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91524863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91524863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic beads (MBs) are versatile tools for the purification, detection, and quantitative analysis of analytes from complex matrices. The superparamagnetic property of magnetic beads qualifies them for various analytical applications. To provide specificity, MBs can be decorated with ligands like aptamers, antibodies and peptides. In this context, aptamers are emerging as particular promising ligands due to a number of advantages. Most importantly, the chemical synthesis of aptamers enables straightforward and controlled chemical modification with linker molecules and dyes. Moreover, aptamers facilitate novel sensing strategies based on their oligonucleotide nature that cannot be realized with conventional peptide-based ligands. Due to these benefits, the combination of aptamers and MBs was already used in various analytical applications which are summarized in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T12:43:48Z","timestamp":1522413828000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Aptamer-Modified Magnetic Beads in Biosensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7651-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshvardhan","family":"Modh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Scheper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna-Gabriela","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11959","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200711959","article-title":"A highlight of recent advances in aptamer technology and its application","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/microarrays4020115","article-title":"Aptamer microarrays\u2014Current status and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Witt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microarrays"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.5560\/znb.2012-0147","article-title":"Aptasensors for small molecule detection","volume":"67","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. B"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504487g","article-title":"Label-free optical biosensors based on aptamer-functionalized porous silicon scaffolds","volume":"87","author":"Urmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2014.06.016","article-title":"Sensors and biosensors based on magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"TRAC Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.06.043","article-title":"Magnetic solids in analytical chemistry: A review","volume":"674","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.10.023","article-title":"Magnetic solids in electrochemical analysis","volume":"98","author":"Kudr","year":"2017","journal-title":"TRAC Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1021\/nn3002328","article-title":"Pattern recognition of cancer cells using aptamer-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Bamrungsap","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2142-2","article-title":"A magnetic relaxation switch aptasensor for the rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using superparamagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"184","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0290(19981120)60:4<419::AID-BIT3>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The synthesis of sub-micron magnetic particles and their use for preparative purification of proteins","volume":"60","author":"Khng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020956309976","article-title":"Fast and efficient adsorption\/desorption of protein by a novel magnetic nano-adsorbent","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1021\/bp0200853","article-title":"Protein separations using colloidal magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Bucak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2009.02.061","article-title":"Effective adsorption and separation of lysozyme with PAA-modified Fe3O4@silica core\/shell microspheres","volume":"336","author":"Shao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1021\/bp0602505","article-title":"Single-step purification of recombinant thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase using DNA-aptamer immobilized novel affinity magnetic beads","volume":"23","author":"Oktem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukoor, M.I., Natalio, F., Tahir, M.N., Ksenofontov, V., Therese, H.A., Theato, P., Schr\u00f6der, H.C., M\u00fcller, W.E., and Tremel, W. (2007). Superparamagnetic \u03b3-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with tailored functionality for protein separation. Chem. Commun., 4677\u20134679.","DOI":"10.1039\/b707978h"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200600727","article-title":"A novel approach to magnetic nanoadsorbents with high binding capacity for bovine serum albumin","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3191","article-title":"Using high-concentration trypsin-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles for rapid in situ protein digestion at elevated temperature","volume":"21","author":"Jeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070132s","article-title":"Immobilization of trypsin on superparamagnetic nanoparticles for rapid and effective proteolysis","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800023r","article-title":"Fast and efficient proteolysis by microwave-assisted protein digestion using trypsin-immobilized magnetic silica microspheres","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2006.03.012","article-title":"Synthesis of immunomagnetic nanoparticles and their application in the separation and purification of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"253","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(78)90072-X","article-title":"Lymphoid cell fractionation on magnetic polyacrylamide-agarose beads","volume":"15","author":"Antoine","year":"1978","journal-title":"Immunochemistry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4254","article-title":"Protein analysis using enzymes immobilized to paramagnetic beads","volume":"274","author":"Krogh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-5663(95)96925-O","article-title":"Sensitive detection of biotoxoids and bacterial spores using an immunomagnetic electrocheminescence sensor","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-2791(77)90170-7","article-title":"Magnetic solid phase enzyme-immunoassay","volume":"14","author":"Guesdon","year":"1977","journal-title":"Immunochemistry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2008.11.018","article-title":"Magnetic separations: From steel plants to biotechnology","volume":"64","author":"Yavuz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(96)00080-3","article-title":"Magnetic recovery of radium, lead and polonium from seawater samples after preconcentration on a magnetic adsorbent of manganese dioxide coated magnetite","volume":"328","author":"Towler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1135\/cccc19950034","article-title":"Study of sorption of triphenylmethane dyes on a magnetic carrier bearing an immobilized copper phthalocyanine dye","volume":"60","year":"1995","journal-title":"Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(98)00566-6","article-title":"Magnetic solid-phase extraction","volume":"194","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200603785","article-title":"Micro-and nano-magnetic particles for applications in biosensing","volume":"19","author":"Hsing","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quy, D.V., Hieu, N.M., Tra, P.T., Nam, N.H., Hai, N.H., Thai Son, N., Nghia, P.T., Anh, N.T.V., Hong, T.T., and Luong, N.H. (2013). Synthesis of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles and application in the detection of pathogenic viruses. J. Nanomater., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/603940"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5912","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050831t","article-title":"Fe3O4\/TiO2 core\/shell nanoparticles as affinity probes for the analysis of phosphopeptides using TiO2 surface-assisted laser desorption\/ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170679","article-title":"Magnetotactic bacteria","volume":"190","author":"Blakemore","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.05.065","article-title":"Fully automated immunoassay for detection of prostate-specific antigen using nano-magnetic beads and micro-polystyrene bead composites, \u2018Beads on Beads\u2019","volume":"597","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300141","article-title":"Engineered magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications","volume":"3","author":"Canfarotta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.08.020","article-title":"Magnetic beads as versatile tools for electrochemical DNA and protein biosensing","volume":"74","author":"Fojta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1021\/ac052015r","article-title":"Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for selective collection and detection of cancer cells","volume":"78","author":"Herr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.108","article-title":"Aptamers selected to postoperative lung adenocarcinoma detect circulating tumor cells in human blood","volume":"23","author":"Zamay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b10939","article-title":"Aptamer and antisense-mediated two-dimensional isolation of specific cancer cell subpopulations","volume":"138","author":"Labib","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.990110203","article-title":"High gradient magnetic cell separation with MACS","volume":"11","author":"Miltenyi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2016.0632","article-title":"Aptamers: Promising tools for the detection of circulating tumor cells","volume":"26","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucl. Acid Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3814","article-title":"In situ isolation of mRNA from individual plant cells: Creation of cell-specific cDNA libraries","volume":"92","author":"Karrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/20.13.3528","article-title":"A novel method for the isolation of tissue-specific genes","volume":"20","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07638","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing to detect gene fusions in cancer","volume":"458","author":"Maher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E733","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2002.282.3.E733","article-title":"Identification of a novel glucose transporter-like protein\u2014GLUT-12","volume":"282","author":"Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Phylogenomic analyses of lophophorates (brachiopods, phoronids and bryozoans) confirm the Lophotrochozoa concept","volume":"275","author":"Helmkampf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0344-3","article-title":"Protein purification using magnetic adsorbent particles","volume":"70","author":"Franzreb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.23191","article-title":"Aptamer-based downstream processing of his-tagged proteins utilizing magnetic beads","volume":"108","author":"Walter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2015.08.006","article-title":"Development of an aptamer-based affinity purification method for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"8","author":"Bolten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.150","article-title":"A rapid immunomagnetic beads-based immunoassay for the detection of \u03b2-casein in bovine milk","volume":"158","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12628","DOI":"10.1021\/ja075069m","article-title":"Three minutes-long electrophoretically assisted zeptomolar microfluidic immunoassay with magnetic-beads detection","volume":"129","author":"Morozov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.09.004","article-title":"Specific detection of tetanus toxoid using an aptamer-based matrix","volume":"238","author":"Modh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AN01824B","article-title":"Aptamers in analytics","volume":"141","author":"Ilgu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201700048","article-title":"Detection of ochratoxin A by aptamer-assisted real-time PCR-based assay (Apta-qPCR)","volume":"17","author":"Modh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.05.037","article-title":"Aptamer-based detection of adenosine triphosphate via qPCR","volume":"172","author":"Modh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.082","article-title":"Voltammetric aptasensor combined with magnetic beads assay developed for detection of human activated protein C","volume":"128","author":"Erdem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35340g","article-title":"Dual amplification strategy of highly sensitive thrombin amperometric aptasensor based on chitosan-Au nanocomposites","volume":"137","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061879p","article-title":"Aptamer-based detection of plasma proteins by an electrochemical assay coupled to magnetic beads","volume":"79","author":"Centi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.056","article-title":"Sensitive electrochemical aptamer cytosensor for highly specific detection of cancer cells based on the hybrid nanoelectrocatalysts and enzyme for signal amplification","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.157","article-title":"Boronic acid functionalized magnetic composites with sandwich-like nanostructures as a novel matrix for PDGF detection","volume":"250","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.02.036","article-title":"Target-induced strand release and thionine-decorated gold nanoparticle amplification labels for sensitive electrochemical aptamer-based sensing of small molecules","volume":"197","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.03.061","article-title":"Facile fabrication of an electrochemical aptasensor based on magnetic electrode by using streptavidin modified magnetic beads for sensitive and specific detection of Hg2+","volume":"82","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2419-5","article-title":"Voltammetric determination of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 based on the use of an aptamer and magnetic nanoparticles loaded with gold nanoparticles","volume":"184","author":"Miao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2016.09.053","article-title":"Ultrasensitive electrochemical Ochratoxin A aptasensor based on CdTe quantum dots functionalized graphene\/Au nanocomposites and magnetic separation","volume":"781","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.08.055","article-title":"Ultrasensitive and real-time detection of proteins in blood using a potentiometric carbon-nanotube aptasensor","volume":"41","author":"Niemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1021\/ac502335g","article-title":"Potentiometric aptasensing of Listeria monocytogenes using protamine as an indicator","volume":"86","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Ding, J., Yu, H., Yin, T., and Qin, W. (2016). Potentiometric aptasensing of Vibrio alginolyticus Based on DNA nanostructure\u2014Modified magnetic beads. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122052"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-015-1649-7","article-title":"Impedimetric salmonella aptasensor using a glassy carbon electrode modified with an electrodeposited composite consisting of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes","volume":"183","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43175","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43175","article-title":"A novel impedimetric microfluidic analysis system for transgenic protein Cry1Ab detection","volume":"7","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.03.015","article-title":"Development of an aptamer-based impedimetric bioassay using microfluidic system and magnetic separation for protein detection","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2017.09.017","article-title":"Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer system between GNRs and Ru(bpy)32+: Application in magnetic aptasensor for \u03b2-amyloid","volume":"100","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.08.057","article-title":"A ratiometric electrochemiluminescence detection for cancer cells using g-C3N4 nanosheets and Ag-PAMAM-luminol nanocomposites","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.09.053","article-title":"A signal-on fluorescent aptasensor based on Tb3+ and structure-switching aptamer for label-free detection of ochratoxin A in wheat","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-014-0497-9","article-title":"Aptamer-conjugated upconversion nanoprobes assisted by magnetic separation for effective isolation and sensitive detection of circulating tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8632-3","article-title":"Magnetic-nanobead-based competitive enzyme-linked aptamer assay for the analysis of oxytetracycline in food","volume":"407","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-016-1932-2","article-title":"A colorimetric assay for Hg(II) based on the use of a magnetic aptamer and a hybridization chain reaction","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11215","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b01180","article-title":"Selection of HBsAg-specific DNA aptamers based on carboxylated magnetic nanoparticles and their application in the rapid and simple detection of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Xi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.01.027","article-title":"An integrated microfluidic system for measurement of glycated hemoglobin Levels by using an aptamer-antibody assay on magnetic beads","volume":"68","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.08.029","article-title":"A large Raman scattering cross-section molecular embedded SERS aptasensor for ultrasensitive Aflatoxin B1 detection using CS-Fe3O4 for signal enrichment","volume":"189","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.07.016","article-title":"A universal sers aptasensor based on DTNB labeled GNTs\/Ag core-shell nanotriangle and CS-Fe3O4 magnetic-bead trace detection of Aflatoxin B1","volume":"986","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03049","article-title":"Aptamer recognition induced target-bridged strategy for proteins detection based on magnetic chitosan and silver\/chitosan nanoparticles using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"87","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.10.010","article-title":"Pathogen detection in complex samples by quartz crystal microbalance sensor coupled to aptamer functionalized core\u2014Shell type magnetic separation","volume":"853","author":"Ozalp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.11.022","article-title":"Selective collection and detection of leukemia cells on a magnet-quartz crystal microbalance system using aptamer-conjugated magnetic beads","volume":"25","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.003","article-title":"Cocaine detection via rolling circle amplification of short DNA strand separated by magnetic beads","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200904846","article-title":"Detection of proteins in serum by micromagnetic aptamer PCR (MAP) technology","volume":"49","author":"Csordas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2013.11.022","article-title":"Pathogen detection by core\u2014Shell type aptamer-magnetic preconcentration coupled to real-time PCR","volume":"447","author":"Ozalp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068123a","article-title":"Electrochemical glucose biosensors","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/revac-2016-0009","article-title":"Electrochemical aptasensors for detection of small molecules, macromolecules, and cells","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2016.05.006","article-title":"Voltammetric aptasensors for protein disease biomarkers detection: A review","volume":"34","author":"Meirinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.008","article-title":"Functionalized graphene as sensitive electrochemical label in target-dependent linkage of split aptasensor for dual detection","volume":"62","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.07.024","article-title":"A \u201csignal-on\u2019\u2019aptasensor for simultaneous detection of chloramphenicol and polychlorinated biphenyls using multi-metal ions encoded nanospherical brushes as tracers","volume":"74","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2008.04.007","article-title":"Nanoscale potentiometry","volume":"27","author":"Bakker","year":"2008","journal-title":"TRAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6465","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01576","article-title":"DNA nanostructure-based magnetic beads for potentiometric aptasensing","volume":"87","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.08.061","article-title":"Disposable aptasensor combining functional magnetic nanoparticles with rolling circle amplification for the detection of prostate-specific antigen","volume":"255","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5769-1","article-title":"Electrochemical nanomaterial-based nucleic acid aptasensors","volume":"402","author":"Palchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TC02002F","article-title":"A 2D quantum dot-based electrochemiluminescence film sensor towards reversible temperature-sensitive response and nitrite detection","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00086F","article-title":"Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.06.037","article-title":"Fluorescent aptasensor for antibiotic detection using magnetic bead composites coated with gold nanoparticles and a nicking enzyme","volume":"984","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5808","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201005159","article-title":"Upconverting nanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Haase","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs60060b","article-title":"Lanthanide-doped luminescent nanoprobes: Controlled synthesis, optical spectroscopy, and bioapplications","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlumin.2017.02.059","article-title":"Fluorescent sensing of thrombin using a magnetic nano-platform with aptamer-target-aptamer sandwich and fluorescent silica nanoprobe","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-008-0429-8","article-title":"Plastic-adherent DNA aptamer-magnetic bead and quantum dot sandwich assay for Campylobacter detection","volume":"19","author":"Bruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY02665B","article-title":"Using fluoro modified RNA aptamers as affinity ligands on magnetic beads for sensitive thrombin detection through affinity capture and thrombin catalysis","volume":"8","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1039\/c0an00014k","article-title":"Label-free protein recognition using aptamer-based fluorescence assay","volume":"135","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an16092g","article-title":"Label-free fluorescent assays based on aptamer\u2014Target recognition","volume":"137","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6082435","article-title":"Selection and characterization of a novel DNA aptamer for label-free fluorescence biosensing of ochratoxin A","volume":"6","author":"McKeague","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cc04844e","article-title":"Label-free aptamer-based sensors for L-argininamide by using nucleic acid minor groove binding dyes","volume":"47","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14716","DOI":"10.1021\/ja037994o","article-title":"Aptamers switch on fluorescence of triphenylmethane dyes","volume":"125","author":"Babendure","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1039\/b718752a","article-title":"Aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for rapid detection of potassium ions in urine","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.01.046","article-title":"Magnetic relaxation switch and colorimetric detection of thrombin using aptamer-functionalized gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"689","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.10.052","article-title":"A simple colorimetric assay for the detection of metal ions based on the peroxidase-like activity of magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2015.11.004","article-title":"Colorimetric aptasensing of ochratoxin A using Au@Fe3O4 nanoparticles as signal indicator and magnetic separator","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.02.013","article-title":"Magnetic nanoparticle-linked colorimetric aptasensor for the detection of thrombin","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.03.063","article-title":"Label-free aptamer-based chemiluminescence detection of adenosine","volume":"79","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5064-6","article-title":"Chemiluminescence aptasensor for cocaine based on double-functionalized gold nanoprobes and functionalized magnetic microbeads","volume":"401","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-9049-8","article-title":"A rapid and simple method for efficient capture and accurate discrimination of circulating tumor cells using aptamer conjugated magnetic beads and surface-enhanced Raman scattering imaging","volume":"407","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.03.003","article-title":"Highly sensitive detection of thrombin using SERS-based magnetic aptasensors","volume":"47","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teller, C., Hal\u00e1mek, J., Makower, A., and Scheller, F.W. (2009). A set of piezoelectric biosensors using cholinesterases. Biosensors and Biodetection, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-569-9_1"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2015.12.009","article-title":"Piezoelectric biosensors","volume":"79","year":"2016","journal-title":"TRAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2013.09.067","article-title":"A sensitive quartz crystal microbalance assay of adenosine triphosphate via DNAzyme-activated and aptamer-based target-triggering circular amplification","volume":"53","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.10.027","article-title":"Detection of Listeria monocytogenes based on combined aptamers magnetic capture and loop-mediated isothermal amplification","volume":"85","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:09Z","timestamp":1760194749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]}}}