{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:22:45Z","timestamp":1765232565400,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471323","41661086","91746206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471323","41661086","91746206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFB0503500","2017YFB0503601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFB0503500","2017YFB0503601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Specialized Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing of China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Locality descriptions are generally communicated using reference objects and spatial relations that reflect human spatial cognition. However, uncertainty is inevitable in locality descriptions. Positioning locality with locality description, with a mapping mechanism between the qualitative and quantitative data, is one of the important research issues in next-generation geographic information sciences. Spatial relations play an important role in the uncertainty of positioning locality. In indoor landmark reference systems, the nearest landmarks can be selected when describing localities by using direction relations indoors. By using probability operation, we combine a set of uncertainties, that is, near and direction relations to positioning locality. Some definitions are proposed from cognitive and computational perspectives. We evaluate the performance of our method through indoor cognitive experiments. Test results demonstrate that a positioning accuracy of 3.55 m can be achieved with the semantically derived direction relationships in indoor landmark reference systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T12:32:20Z","timestamp":1522672340000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Positioning Locality Using Cognitive Directions Based on Indoor Landmark Reference System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yankun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X13000289","article-title":"Mapping collective behavior in the big-data era","volume":"37","author":"Bentley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. 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