{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:30:34Z","timestamp":1778898634547,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The distinctive features of acoustic communication channel-like high propagation delay, multi-path fading, quick attenuation of acoustic signal, etc. limit the utilization of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The immutable selection of forwarder node leads to dramatic death of node resulting in imbalanced energy depletion and void hole creation. To reduce the probability of void occurrence and imbalance energy dissipation, in this paper, we propose mobility assisted geo-opportunistic routing paradigm based on interference avoidance for UWSNs. The network volume is divided into logical small cubes to reduce the interference and to make more informed routing decisions for efficient energy consumption. Additionally, an optimal number of forwarder nodes is elected from each cube based on its proximity with respect to the destination to avoid void occurrence. Moreover, the data packets are recovered from void regions with the help of mobile sinks which also reduce the data traffic on intermediate nodes. Extensive simulations are performed to verify that our proposed work maximizes the network lifetime and packet delivery ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T12:32:20Z","timestamp":1522672340000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Mobile Sinks Assisted Geographic and Opportunistic Routing Based Interference Avoidance for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Farwa","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahid","family":"Wadud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-8249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Alrajeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Department, CAMS, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Technology Department, CAMS, King Saud University, Riyadh 11633, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0355-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cameron Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilescu, I., Kotay, K., Rus, D., Dunbabin, M., and Corke, P. (2005, January 2\u20134). Data collection, storage, and retrieval with an underwater sensor network. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1098918.1098936"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, N., Rangwala, S., Chintalapudi, K.K., Ganesan, D., Broad, A., Govindan, R., and Estrin, D. (2004, January 3\u20135). A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031498"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szewczyk, R., Mainwaring, A., Polastre, J., Anderson, J., and Culler, D. (2004, January 3\u20135). An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1031495.1031521"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.W.L., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L.F.M., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2014, January 10\u201314). GEDAR: Geographic and opportunistic routing protocol with depth adjustment for mobile underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883327"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.01.012","article-title":"A novel void node recovery paradigm for long-term underwater sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Coutinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2423677","article-title":"Geographic and opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks","volume":"65","author":"Coutinho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho, R.W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L.F., and Loureiro, A.A. (2017, January 21\u201325). EnOR: Energy balancing routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2017.7996852"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Ji, F., Guan, Q., Yu, H., Chen, F., and Wei, G. (2016, January 24\u201326). On-surface wireless-assisted opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/2999504.3001102"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon, V.G., and Prathap, P.M.J. (2016, January 21\u201322). Comparative analysis of opportunistic routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technological Trends (ICETT), Kollam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETT.2016.7873733"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128757","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/128757","article-title":"Delay and lifetime performance of underwater wireless sensor networks with mobile element based data collection","volume":"11","author":"Kartha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2004.5342238","article-title":"A survey of geocast routing protocols","volume":"6","author":"Maihofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173089","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/173089","article-title":"Relative distance based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless networks","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhurandher, S.K., Obaidat, M.S., and Gupta, M. (2010, January 16\u201319). A novel geocast technique with hole detection in underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE\/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA), Hammamet, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2010.5587038"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Colombi, G., Wang, B., Cui, J.H., Maggiorini, D., and Rossi, G.P. (2008, January 23\u201325). Adaptive routing in underwater delay\/disruption tolerant sensor networks. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Wireless on Demand Network Systems and Services (WONS 2008), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WONS.2008.4459352"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., and Cui, J.H. (2008, January 5\u20139). DBR: Depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Networking, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahid, A., Lee, S., Jeong, H.J., and Kim, D. (2011, January 27\u201329). Eedbr: Energy-efficient depth-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the Advanced Computer Science and Information Technology, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24267-0_27"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532676","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/532676","article-title":"Delay-Sensitive Routing Schemes for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks","volume":"2015","author":"Javaid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2011.11.014","article-title":"An efficient dynamic addressing based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"35","author":"Ayaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.03.690","article-title":"Diagonal and vertical routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network","volume":"129","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Boavida, F., Plagemann, T., Stiller, B., Westphal, C., and Monteiro, E. (2006). VBF: Vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks. NETWORKING 2006. Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, W., Luo, J., and Xu, X. (2010, January 6\u201310). Prolonging network lifetime via a controlled mobile sink in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2010), Miami, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2010.5683095"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Baruah, P., Urgaonkar, R., and Drishnamachari, B. (2004, January 16\u201318). Learning-enforced time domain routing to mobile sinks in wireless sensor fields. Proceedings of the IEEE EmNets, Tampa, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"924","article-title":"Opportunistic Void Avoidance Routing for Underwater Sensor Networks","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Comput. Sci. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2461652","article-title":"Delay-sensitive opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2395434","article-title":"Hydrocast: Pressure routing for underwater sensor networks","volume":"65","author":"Noh","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, U., Wang, P., Noh, Y., Vieira, L.F.M., Gerla, M., and Cui, J. (2010, January 14\u201319). Pressure routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5461986"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasawneh, A., Latiff, M.S.B.A., and Chizari, H. (2017). A reliable energy-efficient pressure-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network. Wirel. Netw., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1461-x"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19331","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819331","article-title":"A distributed data-gathering protocol using AUV in underwater sensor networks","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erol, M., Vieira, L.F.M., and Gerla, M. (2007, January 14). Localization with Dive\u2019N\u2019Rise (DNR) beacons for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Underwater Networks, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1287812.1287833"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke, M., Basha, E., and Detweiler, C. (2012, January 5\u20136). Multi-modal communications in underwater sensor networks using depth adjustment. Proceedings of the Seventh ACM International Conference on Underwater Networks and Systems, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2398936.2398976"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2287915","article-title":"Multi-objectivization-based localization of underwater sensors using magnetometers","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleerekoper, A., and Filer, N. (2012, January 21\u201323). Revisiting blacklisting and justifying the unit disk graph model for energy-efficient position-based routing in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IFIP Wireless Days (WD), Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2012.6402859"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Melodia, T., Pompili, D., and Akyildiz, I.F. (2004, January 7\u201311). Optimal local topology knowledge for energy efficient geographical routing in sensor networks. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2004), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.09.016","article-title":"An adaptive routing protocol in underwater sparse acoustic sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Bhattacharjee, B., and Banerjee, S. (2005, January 25\u201327). Efficient geographic routing in multihop wireless networks. Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1062689.1062720"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, P., Zhou, Z., Peng, Z., Yan, H., Hu, T., Cui, J.H., Shi, Z., Fei, Y., and Zhou, S. (2009, January 26\u201329). Aqua-Sim: An NS-2 based simulator for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the MTS\/IEEE Biloxi-Marine Technology for Our Future: Global and Local Challenges (OCEANS 2009), Biloxi, MS, USA.","DOI":"10.23919\/OCEANS.2009.5422081"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:19Z","timestamp":1760194759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]]}}}