{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:13:19Z","timestamp":1784301199123,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFF0205006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFF0205006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic speed meters are important legal measuring instruments specially used for traffic speed enforcement and must be tested and verified in the field every year using a vehicular mobile standard speed-measuring instrument to ensure speed-measuring performances. The non-contact optical speed sensor and the GPS speed sensor are the two most common types of standard speed-measuring instruments. The non-contact optical speed sensor requires extremely high installation accuracy, and its speed-measuring error is nonlinear and uncorrectable. The speed-measuring accuracy of the GPS speed sensor is rapidly reduced if the amount of received satellites is insufficient enough, which often occurs in urban high-rise regions, tunnels, and mountainous regions. In this paper, a new standard speed-measuring instrument using a dual-antenna Doppler radar sensor is proposed based on a tradeoff between the installation accuracy requirement and the usage region limitation, which has no specified requirements for its mounting distance and no limitation on usage regions and can automatically compensate for the effect of an inclined installation angle on its speed-measuring accuracy. Theoretical model analysis, simulated speed measurement results, and field experimental results compared with a GPS speed sensor with high accuracy showed that the dual-antenna Doppler radar sensor is effective and reliable as a new standard speed-measuring instrument.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]],"date-time":"2018-04-05T16:50:58Z","timestamp":1522947058000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Vehicular Mobile Standard Instrument for Field Verification of Traffic Speed Meters Based on Dual-Antenna Doppler Radar Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2560-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mechanics and Acoustics, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, F., Naranjo, J.E., Serradilla, F., P\u00e9rez, E., Hern\u00e1ndez, M.J., Ruiz, T., Anaya, J.J., and D\u00edaz, A. (2016). Intravehicular, Short- and Long-Range Communication Information Fusion for Providing Safe Speed Warnings. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010131"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVAS.2005.007037","article-title":"Discussion of a new adaptive speed control system incorporating the geometric characteristics of the roadway","volume":"3","author":"Aparicio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z.J., Wang, L.B., Xu, W., Gao, Z.F., and Yan, G.N. (2017). Monitoring Traffic Information with a Developed Acceleration Sensing Node. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17122817"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serna, C.G., and Ruichek, Y. (2017). Dynamic Speed Adaptation for Path Tracking Based on Curvature Information and Speed Limits. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061383"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Xu, J., Huang, Z., Zhang, X., Xia, X.G., Long, T., and Bao, Q. (2016). Road-Aided Ground Slowly Moving Target 2D Motion Estimation for Single-Channel Synthetic Aperture Radar. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030383"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2012.2186323","article-title":"Vehicular Traffic Surveillance and Road Lane Detection Using Radar Interferometry","volume":"61","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2037919","article-title":"Automatic extraction of traffic flows using TerraSAR-X alongtrack interferometry","volume":"48","author":"Suchandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2012.11.023","article-title":"Verification methods and antenna horizontal beamwidth of across-the-road radar for traffic speed enforcement in China","volume":"46","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492326","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/492326","article-title":"Antenna Beamwidths of Above-The-Road Radar for Traffic Speed Enforcement in China","volume":"2012","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Sun, Q., Cai, C.Q., Zhang, Y., and Hu, H.B. (2012, January 8\u201311). Standard equipment for pattern approval field test of vehicle speed-measuring devices for traffic law enforcement in China. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Precision Engineering Measurements and Instrumentation (ISPEMI), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2014750"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.114.009","article-title":"Calibration of Speed Enforcement Down-The-Road Radars","volume":"114","author":"Jendzurski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/26\/1\/015005","article-title":"Two laboratory methods for the calibration of GPS speed meters","volume":"26","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23286","DOI":"10.3390\/s150923286","article-title":"INS\/GPS\/LiDAR Integrated Navigation System for Urban and Indoor Environments Using Hybrid Scan Matching Algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Deng, Z., and Yin, G. (2016). An Accurate GPS-IMU\/DR Data Fusion Method for Driverless Car Based on a Set of Predictive Models and Grid Constraints. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16030280"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessandroni, G., Carini, A., Lattanzi, E., Freschi, V., and Bogliolo, A. (2017). A Study on the Influence of Speed on Road Roughness Sensing: The SmartRoadSense Case. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020305"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2016.2640954","article-title":"Using FMCW Doppler Radar to Detect Targets up to the Maximum Unambiguous Range","volume":"14","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Weil, C., Camell, D., Novotny, D., and Johnk, R. (2004, January 17\u201319). Across-the-road photo traffic radars: New calibration techniques. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, Warsaw, Poland."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Ferreras, J., Calvo-Gallego, J., and Perez-Martinez, F. (2008, January 26\u201330). Monitoring road traffic with a high resolution LFMCW radar. Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2008.4720895"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916465","article-title":"Traffic surveillance system based on a high-resolution radar","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2009.0111","article-title":"Interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar experiment using an interferometric linear frequency modulated continuous wave millimetre-wave radar","volume":"5","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (2016). Speed-Measuring Device Performance Specifications: Down-The-Road Radar Module."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (2007). Speed-Measuring Device Performance Specifications: Across-The-Road Radar Module."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"International Organization of Legal Metrology (1990). Radar Equipment for the Measurement of the Speed of Vehicles; International Recommendation R 91, International Organization of Legal Metrology."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:42Z","timestamp":1760194782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041099","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,5]]}}}