{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T19:41:20Z","timestamp":1777059680831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]],"date-time":"2018-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) interrogation system with a self-adaption threshold peak detection algorithm is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this study. This system is composed of a field programmable gate array (FPGA) and advanced RISC machine (ARM) platform, tunable Fabry\u2013Perot (F\u2013P) filter and optical switch. To improve system resolution, the F\u2013P filter was employed. As this filter is non-linear, this causes the shifting of central wavelengths with the deviation compensated by the parts of the circuit. Time-division multiplexing (TDM) of FBG sensors is achieved by an optical switch, with the system able to realize the combination of 256 FBG sensors. The wavelength scanning speed of 800 Hz can be achieved by a FPGA+ARM platform. In addition, a peak detection algorithm based on a self-adaption threshold is designed and the peak recognition rate is 100%. Experiments with different temperatures were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system. Four FBG sensors were examined in the thermal chamber without stress. When the temperature changed from 0 \u00b0C to 100 \u00b0C, the degree of linearity between central wavelengths and temperature was about 0.999 with the temperature sensitivity being 10 pm\/\u00b0C. The static interrogation precision was able to reach 0.5 pm. Through the comparison of different peak detection algorithms and interrogation approaches, the system was verified to have an optimum comprehensive performance in terms of precision, capacity and speed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"1140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation System with Self-Adaption Threshold Peak Detection Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Weifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0728-9225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7376-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Haidian Dist., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2008.04.008","article-title":"Fiber Bragg gratings in structural health monitoring\u2014Present status and applications","volume":"147","author":"Majumder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2135848","article-title":"Real-Time Monitoring of Railway Traffic Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors","volume":"12","author":"Filograno","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2194145","article-title":"Monitoring respiration and cardiac activity using fiber Bragg grating-based sensor","volume":"59","author":"Dziuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Tan, Y., Han, X., Zheng, K., and Zhou, Z. (2017). Diaphragm Based Fiber Bragg Grating Acceleration Sensor with Temperature Compensation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17010218"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2012.2188024","article-title":"High Sensitivity Polymer Optical Fiber-Bragg-Grating-Based Accelerometer","volume":"24","author":"Stefani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6122","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2577782","article-title":"Aviation fuel gauging sensor utilizing multiple diaphragm sensors incorporating polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"16","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.001161","article-title":"Zeonex-PMMA microstructured polymer optical FBGs for simultaneous humidity and temperature sensing","volume":"42","author":"Woyessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2011.2125786","article-title":"Narrow bandwidth 850nm Fiber Bragg gratings in few-mode polymer optical fibers","volume":"23","author":"Stefani","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.003562","article-title":"Fiber Bragg grating interrogation using wavelength modulated tunable distributed feedback lasers and a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer","volume":"56","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Dong, X., Lv, H., Hu, Y., Yu, X., Chen, X., and Liu, S. (2017). Real-time Interrogation Technology for Large-scale Fiber-ring Laser Sensor Array. IEEE Photonics J., 9.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2017.2687043"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triana, A., Pastor, D., and Var\u00f3n, M. (2017). A Code Division Design Strategy for Multiplexing Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing Networks. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112508"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2793161","article-title":"Microwave Photonics filtering interrogation technique under coherent regime for hot spot detection on a weak FBGs array","volume":"36","author":"Barrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., and Bai, W. (2018). High-Speed Interrogation for Large-Scale Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020665"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2638850","article-title":"A new fiber Bragg grating interrogation and multiplexing schema using a F-P laser light source","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2017.2712182","article-title":"A High-speed Distributed ultra-weak FBG Sensing System with high resolution","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2007.915638","article-title":"A New Fiber-Bragg-Grating Sensor Interrogation System Deploying Free-Spectral-Range-Matching Scheme with High Precision and Fast Detection Rate","volume":"20","author":"Tsai","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, C.A.R., Leit\u00e3o, C., Marques, C.A., Domingues, M.F., Alberto, N., Pontes, M.J., Frizera, A., Ribeiro, M.R.N., Andr\u00e9, P.S.B., and Antunes, P.F.C. (2017). Low-Cost Interrogation Technique for Dynamic Measurements with FBG-Based Devices. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102414"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.70","article-title":"Applications of fiber Bragg grating sensors and high-speed interrogation techniques","volume":"12","author":"Hongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2009.05.012","article-title":"A novel time-division multiplexing fiber Bragg grating sensor interrogator for structural health monitoring","volume":"47","author":"Dai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.002222","article-title":"Interrogating fiber Bragg grating sensors by thermally scanning a demultiplexer based on arrayed waveguide gratings","volume":"29","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2003.808620","article-title":"Fast optical wavelength interrogator employing arrayed waveguide grating for distributed fiber Bragg grating sensors","volume":"21","author":"Sano","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/12\/7\/303","article-title":"A novel Bragg grating sensor interrogation system utilizing a scanning filter, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a 3 \u00d7 3 coupler","volume":"12","author":"Todd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, S., Dai, Y., Gong, J., and Wang, L. (2017). Performance Optimization Design for a High-Speed Weak FBG Interrogation System Based on DFB Laser. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071472"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.003622","article-title":"Compact multichannel high-resolution micro-electro-mechanical systems-based interrogator for Fiber Bragg grating sensing","volume":"56","author":"Ganziy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posada-Roman, J.E., Garcia-Souto, J.A., Poiana, D.A., and Acedo, P. (2016). Fast Interrogation of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Electro-Optical Dual Optical Frequency Combs. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.1364\/LAOP.2016.LW2C.6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.000692","article-title":"Chip-scale demonstration of hybrid III\u2013V\/silicon photonic integration for an FBG interrogator","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2598395","article-title":"Integrated FBG Sensors Interrogation using Active Phase Demodulation on a Silicon Photonic Platform","volume":"35","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.006156","article-title":"Performance of low-cost few-mode fiber Bragg grating sensor systems: Polarization sensitivity and linearity of temperature and strain response","volume":"55","author":"Ganziy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5657","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.005657","article-title":"Dynamic gate algorithm for multimode fiber Bragg grating sensor systems","volume":"54","author":"Ganziy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10446","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.010446","article-title":"Experimental validation of an optimized signal processing method to handle non-linearity in swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"18","author":"Vergnole","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.003378","article-title":"Optimization of excitation of fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filters used in swept lasers using a phase-correction method","volume":"56","author":"Mrn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costas, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Molanes, R., Rodr\u00edguez-Andina, J.J., and Fari\u00f1a, J. (2017, January 22\u201325). Characterization of FPGA-master ARM communication delays in zynq devices. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2017.7915487"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Chen, X., and Lin, B. (2013, January 9\u201311). Design and realization of strain measurement system based on FPGA and ARM. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Control & Information Processing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIP.2013.6568191"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.3390\/s110403466","article-title":"Benchmark for Peak Detection Algorithms in Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation and a New Neural Network for its Performance Improvement","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:59Z","timestamp":1760194799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]}}}