{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:41Z","timestamp":1760241521923,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to realize reliable Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication systems for autonomous driving, the recognition of radio propagation becomes an important technology. However, in the current wireless distributed network systems, it is difficult to accurately estimate the radio propagation characteristics because of the locality of the radio propagation caused by surrounding buildings and geographical features. In this paper, we propose a measurement-based radio environment database for improving the accuracy of the radio environment estimation in the V2V communication systems. The database first gathers measurement datasets of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) related to the transmission\/reception locations from V2V systems. By using the datasets, the average received power maps linked with transmitter and receiver locations are generated. We have performed measurement campaigns of V2V communications in the real environment to observe RSSI for the database construction. Our results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy of the radio propagation estimation than the conventional path loss model-based estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T12:19:27Z","timestamp":1523535567000},"page":"1183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Crowdsourcing-Assisted Radio Environment Database for V2V Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Keita","family":"Katagiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182\u20138585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3286-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Wireless and Communication Research Center (AWCC), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182\u20138585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Evans, D. (2017, April 02). The Internet of Things: How the Next Evolution of the Internet is Changing Everything. Available online: https:\/\/www.cisco.com\/c\/dam\/en_us\/about\/ac79\/docs\/innov\/IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, C., Sicker, D., and Grunwald, D. (2011, January 3\u20136). Bounding the Error of Path Loss Models. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936271"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.050713.120054","article-title":"Estimation of the Composite Fast Fading and Shadowing Distribution Using the Log-Moments in Wireless Communications","volume":"12","author":"Reig","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1109\/26.809692","article-title":"Fade Statistics in Nakagami-Lognormal Channels","volume":"47","author":"Tjhung","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rafiq, G., and Patzold, M. (December, January 30). The Influence of the Severity of Fading and Shadowing on the Statistical Properties of the Capacity of Nakagami-Lognormal Channels. Proceedings of the Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM, New Orleans, LO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.824"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-com:20045142","article-title":"Outage Probabilities in Shadowed Fading Channels using a Compound Statistical Model","volume":"152","author":"Shankar","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-com:19981991","article-title":"Improved Fading Distribution for Mobile Radio","volume":"145","author":"WilIiamson","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEE Proc. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farnham, T. (2016, January 4\u20138). Radio Environment Map Techniques and Performance in the Presence of Errors. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7794911"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paisana, F. (2016, January 16\u201318). Exploring Radio Environment Map Architectures for Spectrum Sharing in the Radar Bands. Proceedings of the 2016 23rd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT), Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT.2016.7500412"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E98.B.2004","article-title":"Measurement-Based Spectrum Database for Flexible Spectrum Management","volume":"E98-B","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, P.R.L., and Marciano, J.J.S. (2016, January 13\u201315). Design, Implementation and Characterization of an RF Translator for TVWS Communication. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/APWiMob.2016.7811455"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A. (2016, January 1\u20133). UHF TVWS Operation in Indian Scenario Utilizing Wireless Regional Area Network for Rural Broadband Access. Proceedings of the International Conference on Next Generation Intelligent Systems (ICNGIS), Kottayam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNGIS.2016.7854030"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, B.D. (2016, January 14\u201315). Utilization of Television White Space for High Speed Wi-Fi Application TVWS Usage. Proceedings of the 2016 6th International Conference Cloud System and Big Data Engineering (Confluence), Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CONFLUENCE.2016.7508121"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.L., Zhang, B., Wang, C.Q., Chang, X.F., Yi, X.D., and Tang, Y.H. (2016, January 4\u20138). Delay-Reliability Tradeoff for Wireless-Connected Indoor Robot Surveillance Based on Radio Environment Map. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2016.7794967"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.J., Yan, X., Chen, K., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y.F., and Feng, Z.Y. (2014, January 6\u20138). TV Band Radio Environment Mapping in Beijing. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2014.275"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliks, A., Kryszkiewicz, P., and Ku\u0142acz, \u0141. (2017, January 7\u20139). Measurement-Based Coverage Maps for Indoor REMs Operating in TV Band. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMSB.2017.7986162"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojaniemi, J., Kalliovaara, J., Alam, A., Poikonen, J., and Wichman, R. (2013, January 20\u201322). Optimal Field Measurement Design for Radio Environment Mapping. Proceedings of the 2013 47th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS), Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISS.2013.6552334"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurney, D., Buchwald, G., Ecklund, L., Kuffner, S., and Grosspietsch, J. (2008, January 14\u201317). Geo-Location Database Techniques for Incumbent Protection in the TV White Space. Proceedings of the DySPAN 2008. 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2008.31"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, H.R. (2011, January 3\u20136). Geolocation databases for white space devices in the UHF TV bands: Specification of maximum permitted emission levels. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Aachen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/DYSPAN.2011.5936234"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2013.6685772","article-title":"Radio Environment Map as Enabler for Practical Cognitive Radio Networks","volume":"51","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7180526","article-title":"On the Use of Radio Environment Maps for Interference Management in Heterogeneous Networks","volume":"53","author":"Zalonis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2011.2113195","article-title":"Channel Gain Map Tracking via Distributed Kriging","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katagiri, K., Sato, K., and Fujii, T. (2017, January 24\u201327). Crowdsourcing-assisted Radio Environment Maps for V2V Communication Systems. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 86th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC-Fall), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2017.8287980"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2015.2463274","article-title":"Statistical Modeling and Estimation of Censored Pathloss Data","volume":"4","author":"Gustafson","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2018, April 09). Propagation Data and Prediction Methods for the Planning of ShortRange Outdoor Radiocommunication Systems and Radio Local Area Networks in the Frequency Range 300 MHz to 100 GHz. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/R-REC-P.1411\/en."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Berg, J.-E., Bownds, R., and Lotse, F. (1992, January 10\u201313). Path Loss and Fading Models for Microcells at 900MHz. Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE 42nd Vehicular Technology Conference, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1109\/49.233214","article-title":"A Measurement-Based Model for Predicting Coverage Areas of Urban Microcells","volume":"11","author":"Goldsmith","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. AreasCommun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19911328","article-title":"Correlation Model for Shadow Fading in Mobile Radio Systems","volume":"27","author":"Gudmundson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, A.J. (2005). Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841224"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"825","article-title":"Field Strength and Its Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Radio Service","volume":"16","author":"Okumura","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rev. Electr. Commun. Lab."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1760194830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041183","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]}}}