{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:58:25Z","timestamp":1760241505684,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a practical non-stationary three-dimensional (3-D) channel models for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, considering beam patterns for different antenna elements, is proposed. The beam patterns using dipole antenna elements with different phase excitation toward the different direction of travels (DoTs) contributes various correlation weights for rays related towards\/from the cluster, thus providing different elevation angle of arrivals (EAoAs) and elevation angle of departures (EAoDs) for each antenna element. These include the movements of the user that makes our channel to be a non-stationary model of clusters at the receiver (RX) on both the time and array axes. In addition, their impacts on 3-D massive MIMO channels are investigated via statistical properties including received spatial correlation. Additionally, the impact of elevation\/azimuth angles of arrival on received spatial correlation is discussed. Furthermore, experimental validation of the proposed 3-D channel models on azimuth and elevation angles of the polarized antenna are specifically evaluated and compared through simulations. The proposed 3-D generic models are verified using relevant measurement data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T12:19:27Z","timestamp":1523535567000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Practical 3-D Beam Pattern Based Channel Modeling for Multi-Polarized Massive MIMO Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saeid","family":"Aghaeinezhadfirouzja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4473-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Balador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovation, Design and Technology (IDT), M\u00e4lardalen University, 72123 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"},{"name":"RISE SICS V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Stora gatan 36, 722 12 V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1587\/transcom.E97.B.2022","article-title":"Propagation channel models for next-generation wireless communications systems","volume":"97","author":"Molisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEICE Trans. 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