{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:01:27Z","timestamp":1769522487080,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-107-2623-E-151-001-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-107-2623-E-151-001-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we proposed a U-shaped optical fiber probe fabricated using a flame heating method. The probe was packaged in glass tube to reduce human factors during experimental testing of the probe as a glucose sensor. The U-shaped fiber probe was found to have high sensitivity in detecting the very small molecule. When the sensor was dipped in solutions with different refractive indexes, its wavelength or transmission loss changed. We used electrostatic self-assembly to bond gold nanoparticles and glucose oxidase (GOD) onto the sensor\u2019s surface. The results over five cycles of the experiment showed that, as the glucose concentration increased, the refractive index of the sensor decreased and its spectrum wavelength shifted. The best wavelength sensitivity was 2.899 nm\/%, and the linearity was 0.9771. The best transmission loss sensitivity was 5.101 dB\/%, and the linearity was 0.9734. Therefore, the proposed U-shaped optical fiber probe with gold nanoparticles and GOD has good potential for use as a blood sugar sensor in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1523882426000},"page":"1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Glucose Sensor Using U-Shaped Optical Fiber Probe with Gold Nanoparticles and Glucose Oxidase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kuan-Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Jiangong Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Le","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Jiangong Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Chao-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, Air Force Academy, Academy, No. Sisou 1, Jieshou W. Road, Kaohsiung 820, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2809-913X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Chin","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No. 415, Jiangong Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"4581","article-title":"Polarization effects in polymer FBGs: Study and use for transverse force sensing","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"6058","article-title":"Highly sensitive liquid level monitoring system utilizing polymer fiber Bragg gratings","volume":"23","author":"Marques","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kwon, M.S., and Steier, W.H. (2008, January 7\u201310). 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Express"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Magnetic field sensor based on U-bent single-mode fiber and magnetic fluid","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7602","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.007602","article-title":"Bent-fiber intermodal interference based dual-channel fiber optic refractometer","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1217\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:54Z","timestamp":1760194854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1217"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041217"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041217","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]}}}