{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1773702186370,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Registration is a critical step in multi-sensor dimensional measurement. As the accuracy of registration directly impacts the quality of final results, a reference sphere as a common standard is problematic in high-precision registration. In this paper, a novel method based on a composite standard is proposed to fuse the multiple heterogeneous sensors in high-precision coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), which will void the drawbacks of a reference sphere. The composite standard consists of a cone and cylinder, which share a same central axis. To ensure high precision in the submicron range, or better, the standard is manufactured by an ultra-precision machine. Three features of the composite standard are inspected by three sensors: a video camera (VC), a tactile probe (TP), and a chromatic confocal displacement sensor (CC). All features will concentrate on a common point through which the relation between the three sensors will be obtained. The errors of each measurement were analyzed theoretically, and simulations and real experiments were carried out to verify the composite standard. This study demonstrates that the proposed registration method is stable and that the standard has potential use for the registration of multiple sensors in high-precision dimensional measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1523882426000},"page":"1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-Sensor Registration in High-Precision CMM Based on a Composite Standard"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Xiuling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Luhua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Changjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TZTEK Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215153, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2009.09.008","article-title":"Multisensor data fusion in dimensional metrology","volume":"58","author":"Weckenmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1428","article-title":"A Global Calibration Method for Multisensor Metrology System","volume":"23","author":"Mu","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1349556","article-title":"A complementary sensor approach to reverse engineering","volume":"123","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. 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Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-015-6960-2","article-title":"A multi-sensor approach for rapid and precise digitization of free-form surface in reverse engineering","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/3516.847084","article-title":"Multiple-sensor integration for rapid and high-precision coordinate metrology","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Wang, Z., Fu, L., Qu, X., Zhang, H., and Liu, C. (2017). A new method for registration of video camera and tactile probe in dimensional measurement system. Meas. Sci. Technol., 28, in press.","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/aa80b7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00152-7","article-title":"Least-squares orthogonal distances fitting of circle, sphere, ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola","volume":"34","author":"Ahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Zhang, G.X. (1999). Three-Coordinate Measuring Machines, Tianjin University Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:00:55Z","timestamp":1760194855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]}}}