{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:57:43Z","timestamp":1760241463722,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a new non-orthogonal multiple-access scheme, trellis tone modulation multiple-access (TTMMA), is proposed for peer discovery of distributed device-to-device (D2D) communication. The range and capacity of discovery are important performance metrics in peer discovery. The proposed trellis tone modulation uses single-tone transmission and achieves a long discovery range due to its low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The TTMMA also exploits non-orthogonal resource assignment to increase the discovery capacity. For the multi-user detection of superposed multiple-access signals, a message-passing algorithm with supplementary schemes are proposed. With TTMMA and its message-passing demodulation, approximately 1.5 times the number of devices are discovered compared to the conventional frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)-based discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T03:51:13Z","timestamp":1524023473000},"page":"1228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Trellis Tone Modulation Multiple-Access for Peer Discovery in D2D Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chiwoo","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16677, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sang-Hyo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5350367","article-title":"Device-to-device communication as an underlay to LTE-advanced networks","volume":"47","author":"Doppler","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.060811.102120","article-title":"Resource Sharing Optimization for Device-to-Device Communication Underlaying Cellular Networks","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00e1bor, F., Erik, D., Gunnar, M., Stefan, P., Norbert, R., Gy\u00f6rgy, M., and Zolt\u00e1n, T. (2012). Design aspects of network assisted device-to-device communications. IEEE Commun. Mag., 50.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2012.6163598"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, L., Zhong, Z., Lin, C., and Shen, X. (2012). Operator controlled device-to-device communications in LTE-advanced networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun., 19.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2012.6231164"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2014.0438","article-title":"Link scheduling schemes with on-off interference map for device-to-device communications","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Liu, Y., Chai, K.K., Chen, Y., Elkashlan, M., and Alonso-Zarate, J. (2016, January 4\u20138). NOMA-based D2D communications: Towards 5G. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2016.7842024"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4467","article-title":"Full-duplex device-to-device-aided cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2759114","article-title":"Resource Allocation for D2D Communications Underlaying a NOMA-Based Cellular Network","volume":"7","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Karim, N.A., and Cho, S. (2017). An Interference Mitigation Scheme of Device-to-Device Communications for Sensor Networks Underlying LTE-A. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051088"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Wang, L., and Zhang, J. (2017). Energy Efficiency of D2D Multi-User Cooperation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17040697"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Feasibility Study for Proximity Services (ProSe) (Release 12). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/22_series\/22.803\/22803-c20.zip."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Study on Architecture Enhancements to Support Proximity-Based Services (ProSe) (Release 12). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/23_series\/23.703\/23703-c00.zip."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Proximity-Based Services (ProSe); Stage 2 (Release 14). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/23_series\/23.303\/23303-f00.zip."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Study on Security Issues to Support Proximity Services (ProSe) (Release 14). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/33_series\/33.833\/33833-d00.zip."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Study on LTE Device-to-Device Proximity Services-Radio Aspects (Release 12). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/36_series\/36.843\/36843-c01.zip."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2013.2264633","article-title":"FlashLinQ: A synchronous distributed scheduler for peer-to-peer ad hoc networks","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"5G D2D Networks: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Prospects","volume":"PP","author":"Ansari","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2461602","article-title":"A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2015.2479855","article-title":"A Software-Defined Device-to-Device Communication Architecture for Public Safety Applications in 5G Networks","volume":"3","author":"Usman","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steri, G., Baldini, G., and Goratti, L. (2016, January 27\u201330). LTE D2D communication for collaborative wearable sensor networks: A connectivity analysis. Proceedings of the 2016 European Conference on Networks and Communications (EuCNC), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2016.7561071"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wen, S., Zhu, X., Lin, Z., Zhang, X., and Yang, D. (2013, January 8\u201311). Distributed Resource Management for Device-to-Device (D2D) Communication Underlay Cellular Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Comm. (PIMRC), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2014.0311","article-title":"Recent progress of long-term evolution device-to-device in third-generation partnership project standardization","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. IET"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6815897","article-title":"Device-to-device communication in 5G cellular networks: Challenges solutions and future directions","volume":"52","author":"Tehrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccelli, F., Khude, N., Laroia, R., Li, J., Richardson, T., Shakkottai, S., Tavildar, S., and Wu, X. (2012, January 3\u20137). On the design of device-to-device autonomous discovery. Proceedings of the 2012 Fourth International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2012.6151335"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Li, J., Laroia, R., Tavildar, S., Richardson, T., Wu, X., and Grokop, L. (2007). Coding Methods of Communicating Identifiers in Peer Discovery in Peer-to-Peer Network. (7,961,708 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2011.061311.100246","article-title":"Joint discovery in synchronous wireless networks","volume":"59","author":"Vigato","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Richardson, T., Wu, X., Wang, Y., Tavildar, S., and Li, J. (2009). Transmission with Collision Detection and Mitigation for Wireless Communication. (8,743,823 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/s90100056","article-title":"Clock Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview","volume":"9","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callager, R.G. (1963). Low-Density Parity-Check Codes, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4347.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2004.839541","article-title":"Regular and irregular progressive-edge-growth Tanner graph","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, T., and Urbanke, R. (2008). 2.Factor Graphs. Morden Coding Theory, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511791338"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). Study on Channel Model for Frequency Spectrum Above 6 GHz (Release 14). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/38_series\/38.900\/38900-e31.zip."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2018, April 10). NR; Multiplexing and Channel Coding (Release 15). Available online: http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/ftp\/\/Specs\/archive\/38_series\/38.212\/38212-f11.zip."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2014.6852102","article-title":"Polar codes: Primary concepts and practical decoding algorithms","volume":"52","author":"Niu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5165","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2439211","article-title":"LLR-based successive cancellation list decoding of polar codes","volume":"63","author":"Burg","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Kim, S.H., Jang, J.W., and Kim, Y.S. (2017). Low complexity list decoding for polar codes with multiple CRC codes. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19040183"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:01:00Z","timestamp":1760194860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/4\/1228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s18041228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18041228","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]]}}}