{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:29:28Z","timestamp":1761060568464,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection of humans under the influence of alcohol in public places (workplace, public gathering) is particularly important for safety reasons. In this article, the theoretical analysis of stand-off detection of alcohol in the air exhaled by humans as well as experimental results of the developed experimental setup is presented. The concept of differential absorption of two laser beams at different wavelengths was used. The idea of using standard deviation of the relative difference of the amplitudes of two signals to detect the alcohol was applied for the first time. The idea was verified by the experiments and it was shown that a reliable device can be developed that can efficiently detect alcohol concentration in the exhaled air at the level of 0.3 mg\/L (0.63\u2030). Moreover, the concept of such device examining humans entering a specific area was proposed. The results of this article may be useful to scientists or engineers working on alcohol detection in human blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,25]],"date-time":"2018-04-25T03:22:45Z","timestamp":1524626565000},"page":"1310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stand-Off Detection of Alcohol Vapors Exhaled by Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0823-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Mlynczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. Witolda Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kubicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. Witolda Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kopczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Gen. Witolda Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Volland, W. (1999). Organic Compound Identification Using Infrared Spectroscopy, Bellevue Community College."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Silverstein, R.M., Bassler, G.C., and Morrill, T.C. (1991). Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"948601-1","article-title":"Active Stand-off Detection of Gas Leaks Using an Open-path Quantum Cascade Laser Sensor in a Backscatter Configuration","volume":"9486","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"100702-1","article-title":"High Sensitive Scheme for Methane Remote Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"66","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"067103-1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.6.067103","article-title":"Real-time Stand-off Spatial Detection and Identification of Gases and Vapor Using External-cavity Quantum Cascade Laser Open-path Spectrometer","volume":"54","author":"Aharoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. 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Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"55","article-title":"Breath Alcohol Analyzer and Its Forensic Applications","volume":"27","author":"Millo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Forensic Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Shao, J., Tang, Q.J., Cheng, C., Li, Z.Y., and Wu, Y.X. (2010, January 19\u201321). Remote Detection of Alcohol Concentration in Vehicle Based on TDLAS. Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics, Chengdu, China."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"073529-1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.7.073529","article-title":"Application of Modified Difference Absorption Method to Stand-off Detection of Alcohol in Simulated Car Cabins","volume":"7","author":"Kubicki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"083627-1","article-title":"Stand-off Detection of Alcohol in Car Cabins","volume":"8","author":"Kubicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046010-1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.10.046010","article-title":"Assessment of the Application of Cascade Lasers to Stand-off Detection of Alcohol Vapors in Moving Cars","volume":"10","author":"Mlynczak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mierczyk, Z., Kopczynski, K., Kubicki, J., and Mlynczak, J. (2014). Device for Stand-Off Detection of Alcohol Vapors in the Air Exhaled by Humans. (P. 219175), Polish Patent."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1310\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:01:56Z","timestamp":1760194916000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051310","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]}}}