{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:43:03Z","timestamp":1760197383318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of the B\u00edo-B\u00edo","award":["DIUBB GI 150115\/EF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIUBB GI 150115\/EF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Location-based services (LBSs) assume that users are willing to release trustworthy and useful details about their whereabouts. However, many location privacy concerns have arisen. For location privacy protection, several algorithms build a cloaking region to hide a user\u2019s location. However, many applications may not operate adequately on cloaked locations. For example, a traditional distance bounding protocol (DBP)\u2014which is run by two nodes called the prover and the verifier\u2014may conclude an untight and useless distance between these two entities. An LBS (verifier) may use this distance as a metric of usefulness and trustworthiness of the location claimed by the user (prover). However, we show that if a tight distance is desired, traditional DBP can refine a user\u2019s cloaked location and compromise its location privacy. To find a proper balance, we propose a location-privacy-aware DBP protocol. Our solution consists of adding some small delays before submitting any user\u2019s response. We show that several issues arise when a certain delay is chosen, and we propose some solutions. The effectiveness of our techniques in balancing location refinement and utility is demonstrated through simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T04:17:52Z","timestamp":1524716272000},"page":"1337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Distance Bounding Protocol for Location-Cloaked Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Cristi\u00e1n","family":"Molina-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Magister en Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"Galdames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Computaci\u00f3n, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Duran-Faundez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Concepci\u00f3n 4051381, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ford (2018, March 12). 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[Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State University]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:02:13Z","timestamp":1760194933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]}}}