{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T20:49:03Z","timestamp":1770842943168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002385","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/2\/2014\/SG01\/UKM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/2\/2014\/SG01\/UKM\/02\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002385","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RACE-2013\/2015-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RACE-2013\/2015-023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPP-2016-064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPP-2016-064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new biosensor for the analysis of nitrite in food was developed based on hemoglobin (Hb) covalently immobilized on the succinimide functionalized poly(n-butyl acrylate)-graphene [poly(nBA)-rGO] composite film deposited on a carbon-paste screen-printed electrode (SPE). The immobilized Hb on the poly(nBA)-rGO conducting matrix exhibited electrocatalytic ability for the reduction of nitrite with significant enhancement in the reduction peak at \u22120.6 V versus Ag\/AgCl reference electrode. Thus, direct determination of nitrite can be achieved by monitoring the cathodic peak current signal of the proposed polyacrylic-graphene hybrid film-based voltammetric nitrite biosensor. The nitrite biosensor exhibited a reproducible dynamic linear response range from 0.05\u20135 mg L\u22121 nitrite and a detection limit of 0.03 mg L\u22121. No significant interference was observed by potential interfering ions such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, and NO3\u2212 ions. Analysis of nitrite in both raw and processed edible bird\u2019s nest (EBN) samples demonstrated recovery of close to 100%. The covalent immobilization of Hb on poly(nBA)-rGO composite film has improved the performance of the electrochemical nitrite biosensor in terms of broader detection range, lower detection limit, and prolonged biosensor stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T06:52:23Z","timestamp":1524811943000},"page":"1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Electrochemical Biosensor for Nitrite Based on Polyacrylic-Graphene Composite Film with Covalently Immobilized Hemoglobin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Raja Zaidatul Akhmar","family":"Raja Jamaluddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Yook Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"},{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling Ling","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor D. E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwok Feng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Sciences &amp; Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2004.10.034","article-title":"The reaction between nitrite and hemoglobin: The role of nitrite in hemoglobin-mediated hypoxic vasodilation","volume":"99","author":"Gladwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inorg. 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