{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:59:03Z","timestamp":1760241543741,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) are tightly coupled to the underlying physical devices. As a consequence, upon adding a device, device replacement or user\u2019s relocation to a different physical space, application developers have to re-perform installation and configuration processes to reconfigure applications, which bears costs in time and knowledge of low-level details. In the emerging IoT field, this issue is even more challenging due to its current unpredictable growth in term of applications and connected devices. In addition, IoT applications can be personalised to each end user and can be present in different environments. As a result, IoT scenarios are very changeable, presenting a challenge for IoT applications. In this paper we present Appdaptivity, a system that enables the development of portable device-decoupled applications that can be adapted to changing contexts. Through Appdaptivity, application developers can intuitively create portable and personalised applications, disengaging from the underlying physical infrastructure. Results confirms a good scalability of the system in terms of connected users and components involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T06:52:23Z","timestamp":1524811943000},"page":"1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Appdaptivity: An Internet of Things Device-Decoupled System for Portable Applications in Changing Contexts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0988-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, Boulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2039-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Hoebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University-IMEC, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8716-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen","family":"Rossey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University-IMEC, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, Boulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bartolom\u00e9","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages and Computer Science, University of M\u00e1laga, Boulevar Louis Pasteur 35, 29071 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floris","family":"Van den Abeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University-IMEC, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017, May 22). C.H.I.P.: The Smarter Way to Build Smart Things. Available online: https:\/\/getchip.com\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.01.010","article-title":"State-of-the-art, challenges, and open issues in the integration of Internet of things and cloud computing","volume":"67","author":"Rubio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Rivera, J., and van der Meulen, R. (2018, April 25). Gartner says the internet of things installed base will grow to 26 billion units by 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/newsroom\/id\/2636073."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2444095","article-title":"Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Guizani","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2017, May 22). Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IEEE 802.15.4 Networks. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4944."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2017, May 23). RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6550."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and Bormann, C. (2017, January 25). The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7252\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, T., and Stumpf, S. (2013). End-user experiences of visual and textual programming environments for Arduino. International Symposium on End User Development, Copenhagen, Denmark, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38706-7_4"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"121","article-title":"CAD scripting and visual programming languages for implementing computational design concepts: A comparison from a pedagogical point of view","volume":"10","author":"Celani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Comput."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2017, May 23). Observing Resources in the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7641."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-177","article-title":"Facilitating the creation of IoT applications through conditional observations in CoAP","volume":"2013","author":"Teklemariam","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2017, May 12). 50 Sensor Applications for a Smarter World. Available online: http:\/\/www.libelium.com\/resources\/top_50_iot_sensor_applications_ranking\/#show_infographic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2012.02.016","article-title":"Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges","volume":"10","author":"Miorandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gummadi, R., Gnawali, O., and Govindan, R. (2005). Macro-programming wireless sensor networks using Kairos. International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1145\/1095810.1118600"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newton, R., and Welsh, M. (2004, January 30). Region Streams: Functional Macroprogramming for Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Data Management for Sensor Networks: In Conjunction with VLDB, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1052199.1052213"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Tu, Y.H., Li, Y.C., Chien, T.C., and Chou, P.H. (2011, January 12\u201314). EcoCast: Interactive, Object-Oriented Macroprogramming for Networks of Ultra-Compact Wireless Sensor Nodes. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sensor Networks (IPSN), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teklemariam, G.K., Van Den Abeele, F., Moerman, I., Demeester, P., and Hoebeke, J. (2016). Bindings and RESTlets: A Novel Set of CoAP-Based Application Enablers to Build IoT Applications. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16081217"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alessandrelli, D., Petraccay, M., and Pagano, P. (2013, January 21\u201323). T-res: Enabling Reconfigurable in-Network Processing in IoT-Based WSNs. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2013.75"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giang, N.K., Blackstock, M., Lea, R., and Leung, V.C. (2015, January 26\u201328). Developing IOT Applications in the Fog: A Distributed Dataflow Approach. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT), Seoul, South Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2015.7356560"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinfeld, R., Steglich, S., Radziwonowicz, L., and Doukas, C. (2014, January 8). Glue. Things: A Mashup Platform for Wiring the Internet of Things with the Internet of Services. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Web of Things, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2684432.2684436"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2017, January 26). Node-RED: A Visual Tool for Wiring the Internet of Things. Available online: https:\/\/nodered.org\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastic, S., Sehic, S., Vogler, M., Truong, H.L., and Dustdar, S. (2013, January 16\u201318). PatRICIA\u2014A Novel Programming Model for IOT Applications on Cloud Platforms. Proceedings of the IEEE 6th International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA), Koloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCA.2013.48"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2017, December 12). CoAP Implementations. Available online: http:\/\/coap.technology\/impls.html."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzara, A., Alessandrelli, D., Bocchino, S., Petracca, M., and Pagano, P. (2014, January 18\u201320). PyoT, a Macroprogramming Framework for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems (SIES), Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIES.2014.6871193"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovatsch, M., Mayer, S., and Ostermaier, B. (2012, January 4\u20136). Moving Application Logic from the Firmware to the Cloud: Towards the Thin Server Architecture for the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS), Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2012.104"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., and Duquennoy, S. (2012, January 24\u201326). Actinium: A restful Runtime Container for Scriptable Internet of Things Applications. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT), Wuxi, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2012.6402315"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2017, December 12). MQTT. Available online: http:\/\/mqtt.org\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thangavel, D., Ma, X., Valera, A., Tan, H.X., and Tan, C.K.Y. (2014, January 21\u201324). Performance Evaluation of MQTT and CoAP via a Common Middleware. Proceedings of the IEEE 9th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), TBD, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2014.6827678"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Caro, N., Colitti, W., Steenhaut, K., Mangino, G., and Reali, G. (2013, January 21). Comparison of Two Lightweight Protocols for Smartphone-Based Sensing. Proceedings of the IEEE 20th Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology in the Benelux (SCVT), Namur, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCVT.2013.6735994"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2017, December 12). Iotivity. Available online: https:\/\/www.iotivity.org\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.536","article-title":"OM2M: Extensible ETSI-compliant M2M service platform with self-configuration capability","volume":"32","author":"Alaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2017, December 13). Eclipse Kura. Available online: http:\/\/www.eclipse.org\/kura\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalipi, E., Van den Abeele, F., Ishaq, I., Moerman, I., and Hoebeke, J. (2016, January 12\u201314). EC-IoT: An Easy Configuration Framework for Constrained IoT Devices. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Reston, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2016.7845483"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van den Abeele, F., Moerman, I., Demeester, P., and Hoebeke, J. (2017). Secure Service Proxy: A CoAP (s) Intermediary for a Securer and Smarter Web of Things. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071609"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., Bormann, C., and Krco, S. (2017, February 01). CoRE Resource Directory. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/draft-ietf-core-resource-directory-09."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2481-4","article-title":"Sensor Function Virtualization to Support Distributed Intelligence in the Internet of Things","volume":"81","author":"Hoebeke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Person. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2017, February 02). OMA LightweightM2M (LWM2M). Available online: http:\/\/www.openmobilealliance.org\/wp\/OMNA\/LwM2M\/LwM2MRegistry.html."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruta, M., Scioscia, F., Pinto, A., Di Sciascio, E., Gramegna, F., Ieva, S., and Loseto, G. (2013, January 20\u201323). Resource Annotation, Dissemination and Discovery in the Semantic Web of Things: A CoAP-Based Framework. Proceedings of the Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2013 IEEE and Internet of Things (iThings\/CPSCom), IEEE International Conference on and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/GreenCom-iThings-CPSCom.2013.103"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2017, February 16). The WebSocket Protocol. Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6455."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2017, January 20). The Ionic Framework. Available online: https:\/\/ionicframework.com\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishaq, I., Hoebeke, J., Rossey, J., De Poorter, E., Moerman, I., and Demeester, P. (2012, January 4\u20136). Facilitating Sensor Deployment, Discovery and Resource Access Using Embedded Web Services. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS), Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMIS.2012.48"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Den Abeele, F.V., Vandewinckele, T., Hoebeke, J., Moerman, I., and Demeester, P. (2015, January 7\u20139). Secure Communication in IP-Based Wireless Sensor Networks via a Trusted Gateway. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSNIP.2015.7106963"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2017, February 14). Group Communication for the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Available online: https:\/\/www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc7390.txt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2015.08.030","article-title":"Observing CoAP groups efficiently","volume":"37","author":"Ishaq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn, C., D\u00edaz, M., and Rubio, B. (2017). Run-time deployment and management of CoAP resources for the Internet of Things. Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw., 13.","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147717698969"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2018, January 25). HomeLab Demo Video. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ioB-rYuKJfY."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2018, January 25). HomeLab Ghent University. Available online: https:\/\/www.ugent.be\/ea\/idlab\/en\/research\/research-infrastructure\/homelab.htm."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:02:19Z","timestamp":1760194939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051345","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]]}}}