{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:12:12Z","timestamp":1771701132795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of mobile devices has allowed the development of participatory sensing systems that capture various types of data using the existing or external sensors attached to mobile devices. Gathering data from such anonymous sources requires a mechanism to establish the integrity of sensor readings. In many cases, sensor data need to be preprocessed on the device itself before being uploaded to the target server while ensuring the chain of trust from capture to the delivery of the data. This can be achieved by a framework that provides a means to implement arbitrary operations to be performed on trusted sensor data, while guaranteeing the security and integrity of the data. This paper presents the design and implementation of a framework that allows the capture of trusted sensor data from both external and internal sensors on a mobile phone along with the development of trusted operations on sensor data while providing a mechanism for performing predefined operations on the data such that the chain of trust is maintained. The evaluation shows that the proposed system ensures the security and integrity of sensor data with minimal performance overhead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T12:04:50Z","timestamp":1524830690000},"page":"1364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Trusted Operations on Sensor Data \u2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7197-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassaan","family":"Janjua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet-KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wouter","family":"Joosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet-KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet-KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"imec-DistriNet-KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200A, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Burke, J.A., Estrin, D., Hansen, M., Parker, A., Ramanathan, N., Reddy, S., and Srivastava, M.B. (2018, April 26). Participatory sensing. Available online: https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/19h777qd."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Statista (2018, April 24). Number of Smartphone Users Worldwide. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/330695\/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Google (2018, April 24). Google Local Guides. Available online: https:\/\/maps.google.com\/localguides."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Joyn. Available online: https:\/\/www.joyn.be\/en."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Photoshop. Available online: http:\/\/www.photoshop.com\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Pixelgarde. Available online: http:\/\/pixelgarde.com\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dua, A., Bulusu, N., Feng, W.-C., and Hu, W. (2009, January 10\u201314). Towards trustworthy participatory sensing. Proceedings of the 4th USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Security, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., Cox, L.P., Jung, J., and Wetherall, D. (2010, January 22\u201323). Toward trustworthy mobile Sensing. Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications, Annapolis, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1734583.1734592"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Saroiu, S., Wolman, A., and Raj, H. (2012, January 25\u201329). Software abstractions for trusted Sensors. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference On Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Low Wood Bay, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307670"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Papadamou, K., Samaras, R., and Sirivianos, M. (September, January 31). Ensuring the authenticity and fidelity of captured photos using trusted execution and mobile application licensing capabilities. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), Salzburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, T., Duarte, N.O., and Santos, N. (2016, January 26). Arm trustzone for secure image processing on the cloud. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 35th Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems Workshops (SRDSW), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDSW.2016.17"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Li, H., Chen, H., and Xia, Y. (2015, January 18\u201322). Adattester: Secure online mobile advertisement attestation using trustzone. Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2742647.2742676"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, P., Jung, J., Lee, K., Qin, H., Sharkey, D., Sheth, A., and Cox, L.P. (2011, January 1\u20134). Youprove: authenticity and fidelity in mobile sensing. Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Seattle, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2070942.2070961"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saroiu, S., and Wolman, A. (2010, January 22\u201323). I am a sensor, and i approve this message. Proceedings of the Eleventh Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications, Annapolis, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1734583.1734593"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"ARM (2018, April 24). ARM TrustZone. Available online: https:\/\/www.arm.com\/products\/security-on-arm\/trustzone."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Intel (2018, April 24). Intel SGX. Available online: https:\/\/software.intel.com\/en-us\/sgx."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"AMD (2018, April 24). AMD Secure Technology. Available online: http:\/\/www.amd.com\/en-us\/innovations\/software-technologies\/security."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Linaro (2018, April 24). OP-TEE\u2014Linaro Wiki. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.linaro.org\/WorkingGroups\/Security\/OP-TEE."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Trustonic. Available online: https:\/\/www.trustonic.com\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Shanghai Pingbo Information Technology Limited Company (2018, April 24). Trustkernel. Available online: https:\/\/www.trustkernel.com\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Secure, H. (2018, April 24). SecuriTEE. Available online: http:\/\/www.securitee.net."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Linaro (2018, April 24). OP-TEE-Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/open-tee.github.io\/documentation\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saroiu, S., and Wolman, A. (2009, January 23\u201324). Enabling new mobile applications with location Proofs. Proceedings of the 10th workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1514411.1514414"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Google (2018, April 24). Google Application Licensing Overview. Available online: http:\/\/developer.android.com\/google\/play\/licensing\/overview.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorber, J.M., Shin, M., Peterson, R., and Kotz, D. (2012, January 25\u201329). Plug-n-trust: Practical trusted sensing for mhealth. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Low Wood Bay, Lake District, UK. Available online: http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/2307636.2307665.","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307665"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Imec (2018, April 24). Sergio. Available online: https:\/\/www.imec-int.com\/en\/what-we-offer\/research-portfolio\/sergio."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"980","article-title":"Truspy: Cache side-channel information leakage from the secure world on arm devices","volume":"2016","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Ahn, N.-Y., and Lee, D.H. (arXiv, 2017). Countermeasure against side-channel attack in shared memory of trustzone, arXiv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helleseth, T. (1994). Distance-bounding protocols. Advances in Cryptology\u2014EUROCRYPT \u201993, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48285-7"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). GlobalPlatform, GlobalPlatform Trusted Execution Environment (TEE). Available online: https:\/\/www.globalplatform.org\/specificationsdevice.asp."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Labs, S. (2018, April 24). Raspberry Pi. Available online: https:\/\/www.sequiturlabs.com\/media_portfolio\/sequitur-labs-collaborates-with-linaro-to-lower-barriers-to-iot-security-education-for-raspberry-pi-maker-community\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"RedbearLab (2018, April 24). BLENano. Available online: http:\/\/redbearlab.com\/blenano\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). Sloeber. Available online: http:\/\/eclipse.baeyens.it\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2018, April 24). PulseSensor. Available online: https:\/\/pulsesensor.com\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1976.1055638","article-title":"New directions in cryptography","volume":"22","author":"Diffie","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Weatherley, R. (2018, April 24). Arduinolibs. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/rweather\/arduinolibs."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yung, M., Dodis, Y., Kiayias, A., and Malkin, T. (2006). Curve25519: New diffie-hellman speed records. Public Key Cryptography-PKC 2006, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11745853"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Barrett, S. (2018, April 24). Sean\u2019s Tool Box. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/nothings\/stb."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Gonzalez, S. (2018, April 24). Sean\u2019s Tool Box. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/serge-rgb\/TinyJPEG."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Corinna Vinschen, J.J. (2018, April 24). Libm. Available online: https:\/\/sourceware.org\/newlib\/libm.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:02:27Z","timestamp":1760194947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s18051364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s18051364","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]]}}}