{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T09:49:02Z","timestamp":1781948942147,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]],"date-time":"2018-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin penetration is related to efficiencies of drug delivery or ISF extraction. Normally, the macro-electrode is employed in skin permeability promotion and evaluation, which has the disadvantages of easily causing skin damage when using electroporation or reverse iontophoresis by alone; furthermore, it has large measurement error, low sensitivity, and difficulty in integration. To resolve these issues, this paper presents a flexible interdigital microelectrode for evaluating skin penetration by sensing impedance and a method of synergistical combination of electroporation and reverse iontophoresis to promote skin penetration. First, a flexible interdigital microelectrode was designed with a minimal configuration circuit of electroporation and reverse iontophoresis for future wearable application. Due to the variation of the skin impedance correlated with many factors, relative changes of it were recorded at the end of supply, different voltage, or constant current, times, and duration. It is found that the better results can be obtained by using electroporation for 5 min then reverse iontophoresis for 12 min. By synergistically using electroporation and reverse iontophoresis, the penetration of skin is promoted. The results tested in vivo suggest that the developed microelectrode can be applied to evaluate and promote the skin penetration and the designed method promises to leave the skin without damage. The electrode and the method may be beneficial for designing noninvasive glucose sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,7]],"date-time":"2018-05-07T03:12:21Z","timestamp":1525662741000},"page":"1431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Flexible Interdigital Electrode Used in Skin Penetration Promotion and Evaluation with Electroporation and Reverse Iontophoresis Synergistically"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rongjian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenshuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7581-8152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen-Tsai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283821","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/283821","article-title":"Diabetes Technology: Markers, Monitoring, Assessment, and Control of Blood Glucose Fluctuations in Diabetes","volume":"2012","author":"Kovatchev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721711427787","article-title":"Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose","volume":"38","author":"Hortensius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2018, May 04). 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